Bt Research 2024, Vol.15, No.5, 248-256 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/bt 254 These systems can significantly reduce the loss of active ingredients due to leaching, evaporation, or premature degradation, thereby increasing the overall efficacy of the biopesticide (Zhao et al., 2017; Kumar et al., 2019). Techniques such as fluidized bed coating, coacervation, and lyophilization are employed to create micro- and nanoparticulate systems that offer sustained and controlled release of Bt toxins. These advanced delivery systems not only improve the pest-control efficiency but also minimize the environmental impact by reducing the amount of biopesticide required. 7.3 Integration of Bt with other biological control agents Integrating Bt with other biological control agents can enhance the overall pest management strategy by combining the strengths of different biopesticides. For example, combining Bt with plant-derived pesticides or essential oils can provide a broader spectrum of pest control while reducing the risk of resistance development (Melanie et al., 2022). The use of nanoemulsions to encapsulate these combinations ensures the stability and controlled release of the active ingredients, further enhancing their efficacy (Pavoni et al., 2019). The development of multifunctional nanocarriers allows for the simultaneous delivery of Bt and other biopesticides, creating a synergistic effect that can improve pest control outcomes. Acknowledgments We appreciate Ms. C. Xuan's help in collecting literature and participating in discussions during the research process. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Assadpour E., and Jafari S., 2019, Advances in spray-drying encapsulation of food bioactive ingredients: from microcapsules to nanocapsules, Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, 10: 103-131. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-food-032818-121641 Babin A., Nawrot-Esposito M., Gallet A., Gatti J., and Poirié M., 2020, Differential side-effects of Bacillus thuringiensis bioinsecticide on non-target Drosophila flies, Scientific Reports, 10: 16241. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73145-6 Barrera-Cortés J., Valdez-Castro L., Salgado-Urias D., Lina-García L., and Solorza-Feria O., 2017, Reducing the microcapsule diameter by micro-emulsion to improve the insecticidal activity of Bacillus thuringiensis encapsulated formulations, Biocontrol Science and Technology, 27: 42-57. https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2016.1244258 Bharti V., and Ibrahim S., 2020, Biopesticides: production, formulation and application systems, International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 9(10): 3931-3946. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.910.453 Devi P., Duraimurugan P., and Chandrika K., 2019, Bacillus thuringiensis-based nanopesticides for crop protection, Nano-Biopesticides Today and Future Perspectives, 10: 249-260. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-815829-6.00010-3 Han L.Z., 2024, Beyond traditional bioremediation: the potential of engineered SynComs in tackling complex environmental pollutants, Genomics and Applied Biology, 15(1): 54-64. https://doi.org/10.5376/gab.2024.15.0008 Hernandez-Tenorio F., Miranda A., Rodríguez C., Giraldo-Estrada C., and Sáez A., 2022, Potential strategies in the biopesticide formulations: a bibliometric analysis, Agronomy, 12(11): 2665. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12112665 Junior D., Tabernero A., Albuquerque E., and Melo S., 2021, Biopesticide encapsulation using supercritical CO2: a comprehensive review and potential applications, Molecules, 26(13): 4003. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26134003 Kang S., Sun D., Qin J.Y., Guo L., Zhu L.H., Bai Y., Wu Q.J., Wang S.L., Zhou X.G., Guo Z.J., and Zhang, Y.J., 2021, Fused: a promising molecular target for an RNAi-based strategy to manage Bt resistance in Plutella xylostella (L.), Journal of Pest Science, 95: 101-114. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10340-021-01374-3 Koch M., Ward J., Levine S., Baum J., Vicini J., and Hammond B., 2015, The food and environmental safety of Bt crops, Frontiers in Plant Science, 6: 283. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.00283 Kumar L., Ndao A., Valéro J., and Tyagi R., 2019, Production of Bacillus thuringiensis based biopesticide formulation using starch industry wastewater (SIW) as substrate: a techno-economic evaluation, Bioresource Technology, 294: 122144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122144
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