Bt Research 2024, Vol.15, No.5, 248-256 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/bt 253 chemical pesticides. Utilizing low-cost substrates, such as starch industry wastewater and vegetable wastes, has been shown to reduce production costs significantly while maintaining high insecticidal activity (Kumar et al., 2019; Pan et al., 2021). Innovative bioprocessing techniques, such as the fed-batch one-pot (FOP) system, have been developed to optimize the use of inexpensive raw materials and improve overall process efficiency (Rojas et al., 2018). These strategies not only lower production costs but also contribute to environmental sustainability by valorizing industrial and agricultural waste products. 6 Environmental and Regulatory Considerations 6.1 Regulatory standards for Bt biopesticides Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) biopesticides have been utilized in agriculture for over 50 years, demonstrating a long history of safety and efficacy. Regulatory standards for Bt biopesticides are stringent, involving comprehensive environmental and food safety assessments. These assessments include evaluating the potential impact on non-target organisms (NTOs) such as invertebrates, mammals, and avian species. Regulatory bodies require comparative assessments between Bt crops and their conventional counterparts to identify any unintended ecological effects, such as altered weed characteristics or susceptibility to pests (Koch et al., 2015). The regulatory framework ensures that Bt biopesticides do not pose significant risks to human health, livestock, or the environment. 6.2 Environmental safety of formulated Bt products The environmental safety of Bt biopesticides is a critical consideration, given their widespread use. Studies have shown that Bt products, including those containing Cry proteins, are generally safe for non-target organisms. However, recent research has highlighted potential low-dose effects on non-target species such as Daphnia magna, indicating that even low concentrations of Bt formulations can cause significant immobilization and mortality in these organisms (Machado et al., 2017). This finding challenges the traditional assumption of monotonic dose-response relationships in ecotoxicology and underscores the need for thorough environmental impact assessments of Bt biopesticides. 6.3 Addressing public perception of Bt products Public perception of Bt biopesticides is influenced by their environmental and health safety profiles. While Bt products are often marketed as environmentally friendly alternatives to synthetic pesticides due to their natural origins and rapid decomposition, there are still concerns about their potential impacts on non-target organisms and ecosystems (Hernandez-Tenorio et al., 2022). Addressing these concerns involves transparent communication of scientific findings and regulatory measures that ensure the safety and efficacy of Bt biopesticides. Public education on the benefits and risks associated with Bt products can help build trust and acceptance among consumers and stakeholders. 7 Innovations in Bt Formulation Technologies 7.1 Nanotechnology in Bt biopesticides Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising tool to address the limitations of conventional Bt formulations, such as instability and rapid degradation under environmental conditions. Nanoencapsulation techniques, including spray drying, emulsion, and electrospraying, have been developed to protect Bt toxins from ultraviolet radiation and other degrading factors, thereby enhancing their bioefficacy and shelf life. Nano-based formulations can provide controlled release kinetics, improve permeability, stability, and solubility of the active ingredients, and reduce the required dosage, making them more efficient and environmentally friendly. For instance, the use of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) has been explored to enhance the compatibility and effectiveness of Bt when combined with chemical pesticides like deltamethrin, addressing issues of resistance and degradation (Narkhede et al., 2016). 7.2 Smart delivery systems for Bt products Smart delivery systems are designed to release Bt toxins in response to specific environmental triggers or biological demands, ensuring that the active ingredients are delivered precisely where and when they are needed.
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MjQ4ODYzNA==