Bt Research 2024, Vol.15, No.5, 248-256 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/bt 252 such as spray drying and fluidized bed processes, have been developed to protect these proteins and enhance their stability. Moreover, downstream processing, including separation and purification, plays a vital role in ensuring the potency and shelf life of the biopesticide. Membrane separation technology has emerged as a promising method for efficient downstream processing, offering advantages in terms of product purity and process scalability (Rad et al., 2016). Figure 2 Development of D. melanogaster Canton S flies on Btk and Bti commercial formulations (Adopted from Babin et al., 2020) Image caption: (a) Emergence rate and (b) developmental time (mean ± s.e.m.) of 20 initial eggs on increasing doses of Btk DELFIN A (red triangles), the Cry-free Btk 4D22 (open lozenges), the mosquito-targeting Bti VectoBac WG (green squares) and the non-pathogenic Bacillus subtilis (light grey circles). For VectoBac WG and B. subtilis, N = 4-7 per dose; for DELFIN A and Btk 4D22, N = 9-12 for the control, N = 3 for 5.105 and 109, N = 4-9 for 106, N = 7-14 from 5.106 to 108. (c) Emergence rate (mean ± s.e.m.) and (d) developmental time (mean ± s.e.m.) on increasing doses of the two Btk formulations DELFIN B (dark red circles) and Scutello DF (orange squares). N = 4 replicates of 20 eggs per dose and formulation, except for controls and 108 CFU/g of DELFIN B (9-10 replicates of 20 eggs). Results of post hoc comparisons of each dose to the control: •0.05 < P < 0.1; *0.01 < P < 0.05; **0.001 < P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001. (e) Immunoblotting with an anti-Cry1A polyclonal antibody on proteins from a suspension of laboratory-produced spores of Cry-free Btk 4D22, the three Btk formulations DELFIN A, B, Scutello DF and a suspension of laboratory-produced Cry1A toxins. Red asterisks indicate the Cry protoxins (~ 130 kDa) and the activated fragments (~ 60 kDa and ~ 70 kDa) (Adopted from Babin et al., 2020) 5.3 Cost-effective formulation strategies The high cost of production is a significant barrier to the widespread adoption of Bt-based biopesticides. Developing cost-effective formulation strategies is essential to make these biopesticides competitive with
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