Bt Research 2024, Vol.15, No.5, 232-239 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/bt 235 4.3 Synergistic approaches in organic and conventional farming 4.3.1 Integration of synergistic proteins in organic pest control programs In organic farming, the use of Bt-based bioinsecticides is a key strategy for pest management. The integration of synergistic protein combinations, such as Cry and Vip3A, can enhance the effectiveness of these bioinsecticides, providing organic farmers with powerful tools to combat pest infestations without resorting to synthetic chemicals (Romeis et al., 2019). This approach aligns with the principles of organic farming, promoting environmental sustainability and reducing the impact on non-target organisms. 4.3.2 Comparative benefits in conventional and organic systems The benefits of synergistic Bt protein combinations extend to both conventional and organic farming systems. In conventional farming, these combinations can reduce the need for chemical insecticides, thereby lowering production costs and minimizing environmental impact. In organic systems, they offer a potent alternative to synthetic pesticides, enhancing pest control efficacy while adhering to organic standards. The use of synergistic Bt proteins can also contribute to integrated pest management (IPM) strategies, promoting the conservation of natural enemies and overall ecosystem health (Schrijver et al., 2015). 4.3.3 Challenges and opportunities in scaling synergistic approaches Despite the promising potential of synergistic Bt protein combinations, several challenges must be addressed to scale these approaches effectively. One major challenge is the evolution of resistance in target pests, which can compromise the long-term efficacy of Bt crops and bioinsecticides. To mitigate this, strategies such as the use of refuges, rotation of different Bt proteins, and monitoring resistance development are essential (Gassmann and Reisig, 2022). Regulatory frameworks and public acceptance play crucial roles in the adoption of these technologies. Opportunities lie in advancing our understanding of Bt protein interactions, developing new synergistic formulations, and integrating these approaches into comprehensive pest management programs. 5 Benefits of Synergistic Effects for Resistance Management 5.1 Delay in insect resistance development The use of synergistic combinations of Bt toxins can significantly delay the development of resistance in insect populations. For instance, the "pyramid" strategy, which involves plants producing multiple Bt toxins, has been shown to be effective in delaying resistance. Laboratory experiments with the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, demonstrated that combinations of Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab toxins resulted in higher than expected mortality rates, indicating synergism and suggesting that such combinations can prolong the efficacy of Bt crops (Wei et al., 2015). The use of multiple toxins with different modes of action can reduce the likelihood of pests developing resistance to all toxins simultaneously, thereby extending the useful life of Bt crops (Carrière et al., 2015). 5.2 Enhancing effectiveness against resistant insect strains Synergistic effects can also enhance the effectiveness of Bt toxins against insect strains that have already developed resistance. For example, a study found that a Cry1Ac-binding fragment of alkaline phosphatase increased the mortality caused by Cry1Ac in both susceptible and resistant strains of Helicoverpa armigera, demonstrating that synergistic combinations can overcome existing resistance. Similarly, the cooperative action of insect chaperones Hsp70 and Hsp90 was shown to enhance the toxicity of Cry1A toxins and counteract resistance in Plutella xylostella, highlighting the potential of synergistic approaches to manage resistant pest populations (Garcia-Gomez et al., 2023). 5.3 Long-term sustainability of pest control programs The long-term sustainability of pest control programs can be significantly improved through the use of synergistic Bt toxin combinations. By delaying resistance and enhancing effectiveness against resistant strains, these combinations help maintain the efficacy of Bt crops over extended periods. This is crucial for reducing reliance on chemical insecticides and promoting environmentally sustainable pest management practices. The integration of Bt crops with other control tactics, such as the use of refuges of non-Bt host plants, can further enhance
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