Bt Research 2024, Vol.15, No.5, 223-231 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/bt 229 impacts on higher trophic levels, such as birds and bats that rely on midges as a food source. Additionally, there is a need to explore the development of resistance in mosquito populations to Bti and to establish robust monitoring systems to detect resistance early. Research should also investigate the integration of Bti with other control methods, such as attractants and larvicides in biodegradable matrices, to enhance efficacy and sustainability. Community engagement and education are crucial for the success of these programs, and future studies should evaluate the best practices for involving local populations in mosquito control efforts. Bt-based mosquito control programs play a crucial role in reducing the burden of mosquito-borne diseases, particularly in regions with high malaria transmission. The effectiveness of Bti in reducing mosquito populations has been well-documented, making it a valuable tool in integrated vector management strategies. However, the potential environmental impacts and the need for sustainable, community-based approaches highlight the importance of continued research and adaptive management. By addressing these challenges and leveraging the strengths of Bt, we can enhance the effectiveness and sustainability of mosquito control programs, ultimately improving public health outcomes. Acknowledgments I am grateful to Dr. M. Li for this assistance with the serious reading and helpful discussions during the course of this work. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The author affirms that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Achee N.L., Grieco J.P., Vatandoost H., Seixas G., Pinto J., Ching-Ng L., Martins A., Juntarajumnong W., Corbel V., Gouagna C., David J., Logan J., Orsborne J., Marois E., Devine G., and Vontas J., 2019, Alternative strategies for mosquito-borne arbovirus control, PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 13(1): e0006822. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006822 Allgeier S., Friedrich A., and Brühl C., 2019, Mosquito control based on Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) interrupts artificial wetland food chains, The Science of the Total Environment, 686: 1173-1184. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2019.05.358 Anders K.L., Indriani C., Ahmad R.A., Tantowijoyo W., Arguni E., Andari B., Jewell N., Rances E., O'Neill S., Simmons C., and Utarini A., 2018, The AWED trial (Applying Wolbachia to Eliminate Dengue) to assess the efficacy of Wolbachia-infected mosquito deployments to reduce dengue incidence in Yogyakarta Indonesia: study protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial, Trials, 19: 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-018-2670-z Atsumi S., Miyamoto K., Yamamoto K., Narukawa J., Kawai S., Sezutsu H., Kobayashi I., Uchino K., Tamura T., Mita K., Kadono‐Okuda K., Wada S., Kanda K., Goldsmith M., and Noda H., 2012, Single amino acid mutation in an ATP-binding cassette transporter gene causes resistance to Bt toxin Cry1Ab in the silkworm Bombyx mori, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109: E1591-E1598. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1120698109 Beeck L., Janssens L., and Stoks R., 2016, Synthetic predator cues impair immune function and make the biological pesticide Bti more lethal for vector mosquitoes., Ecological Applications: A Publication of the Ecological Society of America, 26(2): 355-366. https://doi.org/10.1890/15-0326 Benelli G., Jeffries C., and Walker T., 2016, Biological control of mosquito vectors: past present and future, Insects, 7(4): 52. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects7040052 Best H., Williamson L., Heath E., Waller-Evans H., Lloyd-Evans E., and Berry C., 2023, The role of glycoconjugates as receptors for insecticidal proteins, FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 47(4): fuad026. https://doi.org/10.1093/femsre/fuad026 Bonin A., Paris M., Frérot H., Bianco E., Tetreau G., and Després L., 2015, The genetic architecture of a complex trait: Resistance to multiple toxins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis in the dengue and yellow fever vector the mosquito Aedes aegypti, Infection Genetics and Evolution, 35: 204-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2015.07.034 Brühl C.A., Després L., Frör O., Patil C.D., Poulin B., Tetreau G., and Allgeier S., 2020, Environmental and socioeconomic effects of mosquito control in Europe using the biocide Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti), The Science of the Total Environment, 724: 137800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137800 Buhler C., Winkler V., Runge-Ranzinger S., Boyce R., and Horstick O., 2019, Environmental methods for dengue vector control-a systematic review and meta-analysis, PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 13(7): e0007420. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007420
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