Bt Research 2024, Vol.15, No.3, 131-140 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/bt 137 Furthermore, the development of resistance in target pests, such as the diamondback moth, necessitates the integration of new biotechnological techniques like RNA interference (RNAi) to manage resistance effectively (Kang et al., 2021). 8.2 Knowledge gaps and research needs There are several knowledge gaps and research needs that must be addressed to enhance the effectiveness and adoption of Bt-based biopesticides. One critical area is the need for more research on the long-term environmental impacts of biopesticides, including their effects on non-target organisms and ecosystems (Gupta and Dikshit, 2010). Additionally, there is a need for more studies on the stability and delivery mechanisms of RNAi-based biopesticides to ensure their effectiveness and longevity in the field (Fletcher et al., 2020). Research on the optimization of biopesticide formulations, including the use of nanotechnology to improve bioefficacy and field persistence, is also essential (Devi et al., 2019). Moreover, there is a need for more comprehensive studies on the socio-economic factors that influence the adoption of biopesticides by farmers, particularly in developing countries (Ayele, 2005). 8.3 Future trends and innovations The future of Bt-based biopesticides lies in the integration of advanced technologies and innovative approaches to overcome existing challenges. One promising trend is the use of nanotechnology to develop nano-Bt formulations that offer higher efficacy, efficient delivery, and increased field persistence (Devi et al., 2019). Another innovative approach is the combination of Bt with RNAi to manage resistance in target pests, providing a new mode of action that complements existing Bt products (Kang et al., 2021). Additionally, there is a growing interest in the development of biopesticides that can be incorporated into integrated pest management (IPM) systems, which can enhance their effectiveness and sustainability (Sansinenea, 2016). The adoption of public-private partnerships and institutional arrangements for the transfer of research knowledge to the private sector can also facilitate the development and commercialization of new biopesticide products (Ayele, 2005). Finally, the reduction of regulatory barriers and the harmonization of biopesticide registration processes across different countries can promote the global adoption of Bt-based biopesticides (Soetopo and Alouw, 2023). 9 Concluding Remarks The research on Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)-based biopesticides highlights several critical points regarding their regulatory approval and market adoption. Bt biopesticides have been recognized for their specificity and effectiveness against target pests, making them a valuable component of integrated pest management (IPM) strategies. Despite their advantages, the adoption of Bt biopesticides has been slow due to factors such as cost-performance issues compared to synthetic pesticides and complex regulatory environments. However, the global market for biopesticides is growing, driven by increasing environmental safety concerns and advancements in biotechnological methods, such as genetic modification and nanoformulations, which enhance the efficacy and persistence of Bt products. Effective regulatory and market strategies are crucial for the broader adoption of Bt-based biopesticides. The regulatory landscape varies significantly across regions, with some countries having more streamlined processes than others. For instance, the European Union has a more complex registration process compared to the United States, India, Brazil, or China, which can hinder the commercialization of new biopesticide products. In India, despite the presence of a regulatory framework, issues such as quality control and limited large-scale production facilities pose challenges. In China, the Bt biopesticide industry has seen significant growth due to well-established mass production and market development strategies. Therefore, harmonizing regulatory requirements and providing incentives for low-risk biopesticides could facilitate their market entry and adoption. Future research should focus on several key areas to enhance the regulatory approval and market adoption of Bt-based biopesticides. Firstly, continued research into genetic modification and nanoformulations can improve the efficacy, delivery, and persistence of Bt biopesticides, making them more competitive with synthetic pesticides. Secondly, efforts should be made to harmonize regulatory requirements across different regions to streamline the
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