Bt Research 2024, Vol.15, No.3, 110-117 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/bt 116 consistently demonstrated the efficacy of different Bacillus strains in suppressing nematode populations and promoting plant growth. For instance, Bacillus velezensis strain YS-AT-DS1 has shown promising results in enhancing tomato growth and reducing infection rates of Meloidogyne incognita in plants (Hu et al., 2022). Similarly, Bacillus cereus strain Bc-cm103 has been effective in causing mortality of nematode juveniles and reducing egg hatching rates, alongside activating defense-responsive genes in plants (Yin et al., 2021). These findings are supported by other studies that have reported the biocontrol efficacy of Bacillus spp. against Meloidogyne spp., indicating their potential as a sustainable alternative to chemical nematicides (Seo et al., 2012; Habazar et al., 2021). The importance of further research cannot be overstated, as it is essential to fully harness the capabilities of Bacillus spp. in sustainable agriculture. While the current body of work provides a solid foundation, there are still gaps in our understanding of the mechanisms through which Bacillus spp. exert their biocontrol effects. For example, the role of secondary metabolites and the specific pathways involved in inducing systemic resistance in plants need to be elucidated (Xiong et al., 2015; Shahid et al., 2021). Additionally, the interaction between Bacillus spp. and plant hosts in various environmental conditions warrants further investigation to optimize the application of these biocontrol agents in different agricultural settings. In conclusion, Bacillus spp. represent a promising avenue for the development of integrated pest management strategies that are both effective and environmentally friendly. Continued research is crucial to refine the application of these biocontrol agents and to ensure that they can be integrated seamlessly into existing agricultural practices, thereby contributing to the sustainability and resilience of food production systems worldwide. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Cao H., Jiao Y., Yin N., Li Y., Ling J., Mao Z., Yang Y., and Xie B., 2019, Analysis of the activity and biological control efficacy of the Bacillus subtilis strain Bs-1 against Meloidogyne incognita, Crop Protection, 122: 125-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CROPRO.2019.04.021 Chen W., Wang J., Huang D., Cheng W., Shao Z., Cai M., Zheng L., Yu Z., and Zhang J., 2021, Volatile organic compounds fromBacillus aryabhattai MCCC 1K02966 with multiple modes against Meloidogyne incognita, Molecules, 27(1): 103. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27010103 Collett R., Marais M., Daneel M., Rashidifard M., and Fourie H., 2021, Meloidogyne enterolobii, a threat to crop production with particular reference to sub-Saharan Africa: an extensive, critical and updated review, Nematology, 1: 1-39. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685411-BJA10076 Cruz-Magalhães V., Guimarães R., Silva J., Faria A., Pedroso M., Campos V., Marbach P., Medeiros F., and Souza J., 2021, The combination of two Bacillus strains suppresses Meloidogyne incognita and fungal pathogens, but does not enhance plant growth, Pest management science, 78(2): 722-732. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.6685 Davis R., and Kemerait R., 2021, Integrated management of Meloidogyne incognita, the most economically damaging pathogen of cotton in the south-eastern United States, Integrated Nematode Management: State-of-the-art and Visions for the Future, 13: 87-93. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789247541.0013. Díaz-Manzano F., Amora D., Martínez-Gómez Á., Moelbak L., and Escobar C., 2023, Biocontrol of Meloidogyne spp. in Solanum lycopersicumusing a dual combination of Bacillus strains, Frontiers in Plant Science, 13: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.1077062 Gao H., Qi G., Yin R., Zhang H., Li C., and Zhao X., 2016, Bacillus cereus strain S2 shows high nematicidal activity against Meloidogyne incognita by producing sphingosine, Scientific Reports, 6(1): 28756. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep28756 Gattoni K., Park S., and Lawrence K., 2023, Evaluation of the mechanism of action of Bacillus spp. to manage Meloidogyne incognita with split root assay, RT-qPCR and qPCR, Frontiers in Plant Science, 13: 1079109. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.1079109 Ghahremani Z., Escudero N., Beltrán-Anadón D., Saus E., Cunquero M., Andilla J., Loza-Álvarez P., Gabaldón T., and Sorribas F., 2020, Bacillus firmus strain I-1582, a nematode antagonist by itself and through the plant, Frontiers in Plant Science, 11: 796. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00796.
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