Bt Research 2024, Vol.15, No.2, 87-95 http://microbescipublisher.com/index.php/bt 90 studies predicted reduced abundances of parasitoids, these effects were not always observed in field conditions, suggesting that direct toxicity might be overestimated in controlled environments. Additionally, some studies have indicated that Bt crops do not significantly affect the survival or abundance of non-target Coleopteran species (Figure 2) (Duan et al., 2009; Naranjo, 2009; Brühl et al., 2020). Figure 1 Environmental behaviors of Bt protein (A) and its three-dimensional structures (B). I, II, and III: domains I, II, and III (Adopted from Li et al., 2022) Image caption: This figure illustrates the interactions between Bt plants (transgenic plants) and the environment, with a particular focus on the fate and ecological processes of Bt proteins (Cry2Aa) (Adopted from Li et al., 2022). Figure 2 Schematic diagram of the mode of action of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis Cry (orange) and Cyt (green) toxins in larval mosquito gut (Adopted form Brühl et al., 2020) Image caption: This figure illustrates the multi-step mode of action of Cry and Cyt toxins on the gut cells of mosquito larvae (Adopted from Brühl et al., 2020)
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