Journal of Vaccine Research 2024, Vol.14, No.5, 269-277 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/jvr 275 and safety profiles in large-scale clinical trials, providing robust protection against infectious diseases. Moreover, advancements in mRNA design-such as the incorporation of pseudouridine to improve translation efficiency-have optimized the immune response and reduced adverse effects. These developments have paved the way for future mRNA vaccines targeting a broader range of diseases beyond infectious agents, such as cancer and autoimmune disorders. As mRNA vaccine technology matures, several best practices must be adopted to ensure its scalability and broader application. First, improving the thermostability of mRNA vaccines will be critical for enhancing global distribution, particularly in low-resource settings. Recent research into stable formulations that can withstand higher temperatures will help overcome the logistical challenges of cold-chain storage. Second, optimizing lipid nanoparticle delivery systems will enhance safety and reduce potential side effects, enabling the repeated administration of mRNA vaccines in chronic diseases and cancer therapies. Finally, streamlining regulatory pathways without compromising safety standards will be essential to accelerate the approval process for new mRNA vaccines in future pandemics and emerging diseases. To expand the application of mRNA vaccines, researchers should focus on several key areas. First, the development of personalized mRNA vaccines for cancer, which leverage patient-specific tumor antigens, should be prioritized to create individualized cancer therapies. These personalized vaccines could revolutionize cancer treatment by enhancing the specificity and potency of the immune response. Second, mRNA vaccines must be adapted to target diseases that disproportionately affect low- and middle-income countries, such as malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV. Developing multivalent mRNA vaccines, which can address multiple strains or pathogens in a single formulation, will increase efficiency and impact in these regions. Lastly, continued investment in research and global health initiatives will be essential to ensure equitable access to mRNA vaccines worldwide, thereby addressing global health disparities and preventing future pandemics. Acknowledgment I sincerely thank the anonymous reviewers for their valuable suggestions on this study. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The author affirms that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Alvarez-Benedicto E., Muramatsu H., and Weissman D., 2021, Advances in mRNA vaccines for infectious diseases, Frontiers in Immunology, 12: 650973. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.650973 Andries O., McCaffrey J.M., and Weiss D.J., 2021, Optimizing mRNA structure for enhanced translation and stability, Vaccine, 39(5): 760-769. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.12.056 Breitling J., Farrera C., Kübler L., Glasmacher M., and Lamprecht F., 2017, mRNA vaccines for allergy immunotherapy, Frontiers in Immunology, 8: 1305. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.01305 Brito L.A., Kommareddy S., Maione D., Uematsu Y., Giovani C., Berlanda Scorza F., and Otten G.R., 2020, Self-amplifying mRNA vaccines, Advances in Genetics, 115: 1-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.adgen.2020.05.005 Chen S.Y., 2024, Optimizing drug therapy using genomic information: a pathway to personalized medicine, International Journal of Molecular Medical Science, 14(1): 61-68. https://doi.org/10.5376/ijmms.2024.14.0009 Emanuel E.J., Persad G., Kern A., Buchanan A., Fabre C., Halliday D., Heath J., Herzog L., Leland R.J., Lemango E.T., Luna F., McCoy M.S., Norheim O.F., Ottersen T., Schaefer G.W., Tan K.C., Wellman C.H., Wolff J., and Richardson H.S., 2020, An ethical framework for global vaccine allocation, Science, 369(6509), 1309-1312. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abe2803 PMID: 32883884 PMCID: PMC8691258 Forman R., Shah S., Jeurissen P., Jit M., and Mossialos E., 2021, COVID-19 vaccine challenges: what have we learned so far and what remains to be done?, Health Policy, 125(5): 553-567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2021.03.013 PMID: 33820678 PMCID: PMC7997052 Hassett K.J., Benenato K.E., Jacquinet E., Lee A., Woods A., Yuzhakov O., Himansu S., Deterling J., Geilich B.M., Ketova T., Mihai C., Lynn A., Iain
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