JVR_2024v14n5

Journal of Vaccine Research 2024, Vol.14, No.5, 255-268 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/jvr 266 that can improve survival and quality of life for patients with metastatic breast cancer. The development of effective biomarkers to predict response to vaccine-based therapies will also be crucial for personalizing treatment and maximizing clinical benefits (Zhao et al., 2022). Acknowledgments Thank you to the anonymous reviewers for their suggested revisions to this study. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The author affirms that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Blass E., and Ott P., 2021, Advances in the development of personalized neoantigen-based therapeutic cancer vaccines, Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology, 18: 215-229. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41571-020-00460-2 Burg S., Arens R., Ossendorp F., Hall T., and Melief C., 2016, Vaccines for established cancer: overcoming the challenges posed by immune evasion, Nature Reviews Cancer, 16: 219-233. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc.2016.16 Chumsri S., Norton N., Bruggeman S., Hillman D., Ernst B., Ruddy K., Northfelt D., Advani P., Sideras K., Moreno-Aspitia A., Goetz M., and Knutson K., 2022, Phase II trial to evaluate immune-related biomarkers for pathological response in stage II-III HER2-positive breast cancer receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy with subsequent randomization to multi-epitope HER2 vaccine versus placebo in patients with residual disease post-neoadjuvant chemotherapy, Journal of Clinical Oncology, 40(16): S610. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2022.40.16_suppl.tps610 Collins J., Redman J., and Gulley J., 2018, Combining vaccines and immune checkpoint inhibitors to prime, expand, and facilitate effective tumor immunotherapy, Expert Review of Vaccines, 17(8): 697-705. https://doi.org/10.1080/14760584.2018.1506332 Dafni U., Martin-Lluesma S., Balint K., Tsourti Z., Vervita K., Chenal J., Coukos G., Zaman K., Sarivalasis A., and Kandalaft L., 2020, Efficacy of cancer vaccines in selected gynaecological, breast, and ovarian cancers: a 20-year systematic review and meta-analysis, European Journal of Cancer, 142: 63-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2020.10.014 Disis M., Dang Y., Coveler A., Childs J., Higgins D., Liu Y., Zhou J., Mackay S., and Salazar L., 2023, A Phase I/II trial of HER-2/neu vaccine-primed autologous T-cell infusions in patients with treatment refractory HER-2/neu overexpressing breast cancer, Clinical Cancer Research, 29(17): 3362-3373. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-22-3578 Disis M., Guthrie K., Liu Y., Coveler A., Higgins D., Childs J., Dang Y., and Salazar L., 2022, Safety and outcomes of a plasmid DNA vaccine encoding the ERBB2 intracellular domain in patients with advanced-stage ERBB2-positive breast cancer: a phase 1 nonrandomized clinical trial, JAMA Oncology, 9(1): 71-78. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2022.5143 Dutta S., Ganguly A., Chatterjee K., Spada S., and Mukherjee S., 2023, Targets of immune escape mechanisms in cancer: basis for development and evolution of cancer immune checkpoint inhibitors, Biology, 12(2): 218. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12020218 Ghisoni E., Wicky A., Bouchaab H., Imbimbo M., Delyon J., Moura B., Gerard C., Latifyan S., Özdemir B., Čaikovski M., Pradervand S., Tavazzi E., Gatta R., Marandino L., Valabrega G., Aglietta M., Obeid M., Homicsko K., Alfonso N., Zimmermann S., Coukos G., Peters S., Cuendet M., Maio M., and Michielin O., 2021, Late-onset and long-lasting immune-related adverse events from immune checkpoint-inhibitors: an overlooked aspect in immunotherapy, European Journal of Cancer, 149: 153-164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2021.03.010 Han H., Disis M., Wesolowski R., Fisher C., Gandhi S., Chan N., Gwin W., Gogineni K., Mick R., Rodriguez C., Hogue D., Liu H., Costa R., and Czerniecki B., 2022, Abstract OT1-16-01: a multicenter phase II study of vaccines to prevent recurrence in patients with HER-2 positive breast cancer, Cancer Research, 82(4): 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs21-ot1-16-01 Han H., Wesolowski R., Fisher C., Gandhi S., Gwin W., Kowzun M., Gogineni K., Liu H., Costa R., Guerrero J., Mathew S., Schell M., Soliman H., Disis M., and Czerniecki B., 2023, A multicenter phase II study of vaccines to prevent recurrence in patients with HER-2-positive breast cancer, Journal of Clinical Oncology, 41(16): 532. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2023.41.16_suppl.532 Hosseini M., Seyedpour S., Khodaei B., Loghman A., Seyedpour N., Yazdi M., and Rezaei N., 2023, Cancer vaccines for triple-negative breast cancer: a systematic review, Vaccines, 11(1): 146. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11010146 Kim C., Sang Y., Lee J., and Chon H., 2021, Combining cancer vaccines with immunotherapy: establishing a new immunological approach, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(15): 8035. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22158035

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