Journal of Vaccine Research 2024, Vol.14, No.4, 207-216 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/jvr 210 Figure 2 Strategies for Developing Multipathogen Vaccines (Adapted from Lopez-Siles et al., 2021) Image caption: The figure compares the effectiveness of single-antigen vaccines versus multi-antigen vaccines. Single-antigen vaccines may become ineffective due to antigenic variation or reduced expression by the pathogen. In contrast, multi-antigen vaccines target multiple antigens, making it more difficult for the pathogen to evade the immune system. This approach enhances the overall effectiveness and durability of the immune response against various pathogens (Adapted from Lopez-Siles et al., 2021) Another technical challenge is ensuring that the immune response is balanced across the different pathogens included in a multi-pathogen vaccine. The immune system’s response to each pathogen can vary significantly depending on factors such as the nature of the pathogen, the type of antigen used, and the host’s immune background. Achieving a balanced immune response that provides adequate protection against all targeted pathogens is complex and requires a deep understanding of immunology and pathogen biology (Kennedy et al., 2020). This challenge is compounded by the potential for cross-reactivity, where an immune response to one pathogen may inadvertently affect the response to another, leading to either enhanced or diminished immunity. Advanced adjuvant formulations and delivery systems are being developed to address these issues by modulating the immune response to achieve the desired balance (Brisse et al., 2020). 3.2 Manufacturing and scale-up challenges The production of multi-pathogen vaccines introduces several complexities not present in single-pathogen vaccine production. Each component of a multi-pathogen vaccine must be produced under stringent conditions to ensure its stability and effectiveness. The combination of multiple antigens, each with its own unique production requirements, can complicate the manufacturing process, making it more difficult to maintain consistent quality control across batches (Zhou et al., 2020). Additionally, the potential for interactions between different vaccine
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MjQ4ODYzNQ==