Journal of Vaccine Research 2024, Vol.14, No.4, 196-206 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/jvr 203 essential, as older adults and younger children show different immune responses and safety profiles (Sharif et al., 2021; Du et al., 2022). Personalized approaches should also consider genetic, demographic, and health status factors to optimize vaccine efficacy and safety across diverse populations. Additionally, it can be combined with other compounds for treatment. Research has found that the lead compound Jun12682 exhibits excellent antiviral activity in models, providing a new strategic direction for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 (Xuan, 2024). 7.3 Global vaccination initiatives Global vaccination efforts must address disparities in vaccine access and distribution to achieve widespread immunity and control the pandemic. The efficacy of mRNA vaccines, such as BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273, has been well-documented, with high protection rates against COVID-19 and its severe outcomes (Baden et al., 2021; Walsh et al., 2020). However, equitable distribution remains a challenge, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. International collaborations and funding mechanisms are essential to ensure that all regions have access to effective vaccines and booster doses. Additionally, global surveillance systems should be strengthened to monitor vaccine efficacy against emerging variants and guide timely updates to vaccination strategies (Liu and Ye, 2022). By prioritizing global equity and robust monitoring, we can enhance the overall effectiveness of vaccination campaigns and mitigate the impact of future outbreaks. 8 Concluding Remarks The systematic review of the long-term immunogenicity and safety profile of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines reveals several critical insights. The BNT162b2 vaccine demonstrated a 95% efficacy in preventing COVID-19 in individuals aged 16 years and older, with a safety profile characterized by mild-to-moderate short-term adverse effects such as pain at the injection site, fatigue, and headache. Similarly, the mRNA-1273 vaccine showed a 94.1% efficacy in preventing COVID-19, including severe cases, with transient local and systemic reactions being the most common side effects. Both vaccines elicited robust immune responses, with high levels of neutralizing antibodies observed in various age groups. Meta-analyses further confirmed the high efficacy and acceptable safety profiles of mRNA vaccines, with mRNA-based vaccines showing an efficacy of 85% in participants aged 18 years and older. The findings underscore the importance of mRNA vaccines in controlling the COVID-19 pandemic. The high efficacy and favorable safety profiles of these vaccines support their widespread use in diverse populations, including older adults and those with underlying health conditions. Public health policies should prioritize the distribution and administration of mRNA vaccines to achieve high vaccination coverage, thereby reducing the incidence of COVID-19 and its associated complications. Additionally, the data support the inclusion of children in vaccination programs, as evidenced by the immunogenicity and safety of the mRNA-1273 vaccine in children aged 6 to 11 years. Policymakers should also consider the flexibility offered by heterologous prime-boost schedules, which can facilitate mass immunization efforts. Despite the promising results, continued research is essential to address several gaps. Long-term studies are needed to evaluate the duration of immunity provided by mRNA vaccines and their effectiveness against emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2. Further research should also focus on the immunogenicity and safety of these vaccines in special populations, such as individuals with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases, who may exhibit reduced vaccine-induced immunogenicity. Additionally, more extensive studies are required to assess the safety and efficacy of mRNA vaccines in younger children and infants, as current data are limited. Ongoing surveillance and real-world studies will be crucial in monitoring the long-term safety and effectiveness of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines. In conclusion, mRNA COVID-19 vaccines have demonstrated high efficacy and acceptable safety profiles, making them a cornerstone in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. Public health policies should leverage these findings to enhance vaccination efforts, while continued research will ensure the sustained success of vaccination programs.
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