Journal of Vaccine Research 2024, Vol.14, No.4, 196-206 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/jvr 200 Figure 2 Local and Systemic Adverse Events Within 7 Days Post-Injection (Adapted from Baden et al., 2021) Image caption: A: The incidence of local adverse events, including any adverse event, pain, erythema, swelling, and lymphadenopathy; B: The incidence of systemic adverse events, including fever, headache, fatigue, myalgia, arthralgia, nausea or vomiting, and chills. Each adverse event is categorized by severity as Grade 1 (mild), Grade 2 (moderate), and Grade 3 (severe) (adapted from Baden et al., 2021). Baden et al. (2021) revealed the incidence of adverse events reported by participants following administration of the mRNA-1273 vaccine. The data indicated that the most common adverse events post-vaccination were injection site pain and systemic fatigue, with the majority of these reactions being mild to moderate in severity. In contrast, the incidence of adverse events in the placebo group was significantly lower. This suggests that while the mRNA-1273 vaccine effectively triggers an immune response, it is associated with a certain level of local and systemic adverse reactions, most of which are tolerable and mild. This safety analysis is crucial for evaluating the vaccine's application in large-scale populations. 4.2 Long-term safety Long-term safety data for mRNA COVID-19 vaccines are still emerging. However, available evidence suggests that these vaccines maintain a favorable safety profile over extended periods. A systematic review and meta-analysis indicated that the incidence of serious adverse events remained low and comparable to other viral vaccines over a median follow-up period of two months (Polack et al., 2020; Sharif et al., 2021). Additionally, no serious adverse events were noted within 28 days post-vaccination in a study evaluating the Ad5-vectored COVID-19 vaccine, suggesting a similar safety profile for mRNA vaccines (Zhu et al., 2020a). 4.3 Special population safety The safety of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines in special populations, such as those with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases (AIIRD) and children, has also been investigated. A multicenter study found that the
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