Journal of Vaccine Research 2024, Vol.14, No.4, 196-206 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/jvr 198 flexibility in response to emerging variants. Additionally, mRNA vaccines can be designed to elicit both humoral and cellular immune responses, providing comprehensive protection against the virus (Heinz and Stiasny, 2021; Park et al., 2021). Figure 1 Local reactions reported within 7 days after vaccine or placebo injection by age group (Adapted from Walsh et al., 2020). Image caption: A shows the local reactions in participants aged 18 to 55, and B shows the local reactions in participants aged 65 to 85. Pain at the injection site is categorized as mild (does not interfere with activities), moderate (interferes with activities), severe (prevents daily activities), or grade 4 reaction (requires emergency room visit or hospitalization) (Adapted from Walsh et al., 2020) However, traditional vaccines have a long history of use and well-established safety profiles. For instance, adenoviral vector vaccines, like Ad26.COV2.S, have been used in other infectious diseases and offer the advantage of single-dose administration. Despite their lower antibody concentrations compared to mRNA vaccines, adenoviral vector vaccines still induce strong T-cell responses and have shown effectiveness in preventing severe disease and hospitalization (Logunov et al., 2020; Naranbhai et al., 2022). The choice between mRNA and traditional vaccine platforms may depend on factors such as production capacity, distribution logistics, and specific population needs.
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