Journal of Vaccine Research 2024, Vol.14, No.4, 183-195 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/jvr 188 Figure 3 The biological function of IL-7 on T lymphocytes (Adopted from Zhao et al., 2022) Image caption: (A) IL-7 contributes to the development of T cells in the thymus. (B) IL-7 boosts the proliferation of T cells after stimulation by antigens. (C) IL-7 prolongs the survival of T cells. (D) IL-7 promotes the differentiation of memory T cells. This figure is created with BioRender.com and smart.servier.com (Adopted from Zhao et al., 2022) The use of nanobiomaterials in cancer vaccines is also being explored in clinical trials. These materials can improve the delivery and presentation of antigens, thereby enhancing the overall immune response. Various nanovaccines, including those based on antigen peptides and nucleic acids, are currently under investigation for their potential to improve clinical outcomes (Chen et al., 2021). 4.3 Comparison of efficacy across different adjuvants Comparing the efficacy of different adjuvants is crucial for optimizing cancer vaccine formulations. Traditional adjuvants like aluminum salts and squalene-oil-water emulsions have been widely used but often fall short in generating robust anti-tumor responses (Mesa and Fernández, 2004). In contrast, newer adjuvants such as poly-ICLC and nanoadjuvants have shown superior efficacy in both preclinical and clinical settings. Poly-ICLC, for instance, has demonstrated a higher capacity to induce strong and long-lasting immune responses compared to traditional adjuvants. Its ability to act as a synthetic danger signal makes it particularly effective in enhancing the immunogenicity of cancer vaccines (Ammi et al., 2015). Nanoadjuvants, on the other hand, offer the advantage of customizable properties, such as size and surface charge, which can be tailored to optimize immune responses (Tan et al., 2022). Multifunctional protein conjugates with built-in adjuvants represent another innovative approach. These constructs have shown significantly higher IgG antibody titers and more potent immune responses compared to vaccines mixed with traditional adjuvants (Du et al., 2020). This suggests that combining adjuvants and antigens in a single molecule can enhance the overall efficacy of cancer vaccines. In summary, while traditional adjuvants have laid the groundwork for cancer vaccine development, newer adjuvants like poly-ICLC, IL-7, and nanoadjuvants offer promising alternatives that could significantly improve
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