Journal of Vaccine Research 2024, Vol.14, No.4, 170-182 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/jvr 179 7.3 Global collaboration and funding Advancing dengue vaccine research requires sustained global collaboration and funding. International partnerships between governments, academic institutions, non-governmental organizations, and the private sector have been instrumental in the progress made thus far (Xu et al., 2024). For instance, the development and distribution of Dengvaxia involved collaborations between Sanofi Pasteur, the WHO, and various national health agencies, which were crucial for navigating the complex regulatory and logistical challenges associated with the vaccine’s deployment (Flasche et al., 2016). Future vaccine development will similarly depend on these kinds of collaborations. The Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) and the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI) are two key players that have provided funding and support for the development of vaccines against emerging infectious diseases, including dengue. These organizations play a critical role in ensuring that vaccines are not only developed but also made accessible to populations in need, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where the burden of dengue is highest (Guy et al., 2018). In addition to funding, global collaboration is essential for conducting large-scale clinical trials, which require diverse populations to adequately assess vaccine efficacy and safety across different regions (Xu and Li, 2024). Collaborative networks, such as the Dengue Vaccine Initiative (DVI), have been crucial in coordinating these efforts and ensuring that trials are conducted to the highest scientific and ethical standards (Prompetchara et al., 2020). The future of dengue vaccine development will depend on continued investment in research and development, supported by strong international partnerships that prioritize both scientific innovation and equitable access to vaccines. With these efforts, the goal of a safe, effective, and widely accessible dengue vaccine may soon be realized. 8 Concluding Remarks The development of dengue vaccines has made significant strides over the past decade, marked by the approval of Dengvaxia and the promising results from candidates like TAK-003. These vaccines have demonstrated the potential to reduce the incidence and severity of dengue, particularly in populations with prior exposure to the virus. However, the variability in efficacy across different dengue serotypes, especially in seronegative individuals, and the safety concerns highlighted by post-licensure surveillance of Dengvaxia underscore the complexity of creating a universally effective dengue vaccine. The lessons learned from the deployment of these vaccines have informed the development of next-generation candidates that aim to offer broader, safer, and more effective protection across diverse populations. The successful implementation of dengue vaccines has the potential to transform the public health landscape in dengue-endemic regions. Effective vaccination programs could significantly reduce the incidence of dengue, alleviate the burden on healthcare systems, and lower the economic costs associated with managing dengue outbreaks. However, achieving these outcomes will require addressing the challenges of vaccine deployment, including logistical hurdles, public perception, and ensuring access to the most vulnerable populations. Additionally, the experiences from the Dengvaxia controversy highlight the need for careful risk communication and targeted vaccination strategies to maintain public trust and maximize the benefits of vaccination. As new vaccines are developed and brought to market, their successful integration into public health strategies will be crucial in achieving widespread and equitable protection against dengue. Looking forward, future research in dengue vaccine development must focus on overcoming the limitations of current vaccines and addressing the unmet needs of at-risk populations. This includes the continued refinement of vaccine candidates to enhance efficacy in seronegative individuals and reduce the risk of severe outcomes. Additionally, the exploration of novel vaccine platforms, such as mRNA and subunit vaccines, holds promise for creating safer and more versatile options that can be rapidly adapted to emerging challenges.
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