Journal of Vaccine Research 2024, Vol.14, No.4, 170-182 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/jvr 170 Review Article Open Access Advances in Dengue Vaccine Development: Efficacy, Safety, and Implementation Tiantian Wang Shenzhen Kangtai Biological Products Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, 518063, Guangdong, China Corresponding email: wangtt@foxmail.com Journal of Vaccine Research, 2024, Vol.14, No.4 doi: 10.5376/jvr.2024.14.0017 Received: 15 Jun., 2024 Accepted: 16 Jul., 2024 Published: 28 Jul., 2024 Copyright © 2024 Wang, This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Preferred citation for this article: Wang T.T., 2024, Advances in dengue vaccine development: efficacy, safety, and implementation, Journal of Vaccine Research, 14(4): 170-182 (doi: 10.5376/jvr.2024.14.0017) Abstract Dengue fever remains a significant public health challenge in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, and there is an urgent need for a safe and effective vaccine to combat the disease. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the progress in dengue vaccine development, with a particular focus on the efficacy, safety, and implementation of current vaccines. The research reviews the historical background and initial development of Dengvaxia, the first licensed dengue vaccine, and explores ongoing trials of next-generation vaccines such as TAK-003, which hold promise for broader and safer protection. The study also discusses the challenges faced in vaccine rollout and assesses the impact of vaccination on dengue incidence and hospitalization rates, presenting case studies of both successful and unsuccessful implementation experiences. This research aims to provide a theoretical foundation for the development of more effective and safer dengue vaccines. Keywords Dengue vaccine; Dengvaxia; TAK-003; Vaccine efficacy; Vaccine safety 1 Introduction Dengue fever, caused by the dengue virus (DENV), remains a significant global public health challenge, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions (Webster et al., 2009). The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that approximately 390 million people are infected with dengue each year, with nearly 96 million cases being symptomatic, leading to a wide range of clinical manifestations, from mild fever to severe dengue, also known as dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) or dengue shock syndrome (DSS) (da Silveira et al., 2019). The disease is primarily transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, especially Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, which thrive in urban environments (Lanata et al., 2012). The rising global incidence of dengue, compounded by factors such as urbanization, climate change, and international travel, has led to the virus becoming endemic in over 100 countries, putting nearly half of the world’s population at risk (Guy et al., 2018). Despite substantial efforts in vector control and outbreak management, dengue continues to impose a heavy burden on healthcare systems and economies worldwide, underscoring the urgent need for an effective vaccine (Biswal et al., 2021). Developing a vaccine for dengue presents numerous challenges due to the complex nature of the virus and the disease it causes (Wilder-Smith, 2020). The dengue virus exists as four distinct serotypes (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4), each capable of causing the full spectrum of disease severity (Huang et al., 2021). A major challenge in vaccine development is the phenomenon of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), where pre-existing immunity to one serotype can increase the severity of infection with another serotype, complicating the creation of a vaccine that is both safe and effective across all four serotypes (Guy et al., 2018). Additionally, the varying epidemiological patterns and immune responses in different populations further complicate the clinical evaluation and implementation of dengue vaccines (Wichmann et al., 2017). The first licensed dengue vaccine, CYD-TDV (Dengvaxia), marked a significant milestone but has shown variable efficacy and raised concerns regarding safety in seronegative individuals, particularly in children under 9 years of age (Hadinegoro et al., 2015). These challenges highlight the need for ongoing research and development to improve vaccine formulations and ensure broad, long-lasting protection (Capeding et al., 2014). This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the progress in dengue vaccine development, with a focus on its efficacy, safety, and implementation. Given the global health impact of dengue and the complexity of vaccine
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MjQ4ODYzNQ==