Journal of Vaccine Research 2024, Vol.14, No.3, 147-156 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/jvr 147 Review and Progress Open Access Advancements in mRNA Vaccines for Breast Cancer Treatment: Current Trends and Future Prospects Meili Li Changchun Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Changchun, 130012, Jilin, China Corresponding email: meilili@qq.com Journal of Vaccine Research, 2024, Vol.14, No.3 doi: 10.5376/jvr.2024.14.0015 Received: 10 May, 2024 Accepted: 12 Jun., 2024 Published: 25 Jun., 2024 Copyright © 2024 Li, This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Preferred citation for this article: Li M.L., 2024, Advancements in mRNA vaccines for breast cancer treatment: current trends and future prospects, Journal of Vaccine Research, 14(3): 147-156 (doi: 10.5376/jvr.2024.14.0015) Abstract The latest advancements in mRNA vaccine technology have ushered in a new era for breast cancer treatment, offering a promising alternative to traditional therapies. This study explores the current trends and future prospects of mRNA vaccines in breast cancer treatment, detailing their mechanisms, efficacy, and safety profiles. It highlights significant preclinical studies and clinical trials demonstrating the potential of mRNA vaccines to induce robust immune responses and achieve tumor regression. Innovations such as nanoparticle delivery systems and advanced mRNA modifications have enhanced the stability and effectiveness of these vaccines. Furthermore, the integration of mRNA vaccines with other therapies, including immunotherapy and chemotherapy, has shown synergistic effects, improving patient outcomes. However, to fully realize the potential of mRNA vaccines, challenges related to technology, logistics, and biological barriers must be addressed. Personalized mRNA vaccines and emerging technologies pave the way for more precise and effective breast cancer treatments. This study emphasizes the transformative potential of mRNA vaccines in oncology and highlights the importance of ongoing research efforts to overcome current challenges and expand their clinical applications. Keywords mRNA vaccines; Breast cancer; Cancer immunotherapy; Personalized medicine; Clinical trials; Emerging technologies 1 Introduction Breast cancer remains one of the most significant health challenges worldwide, affecting millions of women each year. Despite advancements in screening, diagnosis, and treatment, breast cancer continues to be a leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women. Traditional treatment modalities, including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and hormone therapy, have significantly improved patient outcomes over the past few decades. However, these treatments often come with severe side effects and are not always effective, particularly in advanced or metastatic stages of the disease. In this context, the development of novel therapeutic strategies is crucial (Tan et al., 2023). Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women globally, with an estimated 2.3 million new cases diagnosed in 2020 alone (Li et al., 2022). Traditional treatments have made significant strides in managing the disease, with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy being the mainstays of treatment. These methods, while effective to an extent, often fail to completely eradicate the disease and are associated with a range of adverse effects, including fatigue, nausea, and increased risk of secondary cancers (Liu et al., 2018). Hormone therapies and targeted treatments, such as HER2 inhibitors, have further improved survival rates, but the need for more effective and less toxic treatments remains (Vishweshwaraiah and Dokholyan, 2022). mRNA vaccine technology has emerged as a promising new approach in cancer therapy, leveraging the body’s immune system to fight cancer cells. mRNA vaccines work by introducing a synthetic mRNA sequence that encodes a tumor-specific antigen into the body. This mRNA is taken up by dendritic cells, which then translate the mRNA into the antigenic protein. The dendritic cells present this protein on their surface, activating T cells and initiating a robust immune response against the cancer cells expressing the same antigen (Miao et al., 2021). Compared to traditional cancer vaccines, mRNA vaccines offer several advantages. They can be rapidly designed and produced, allowing for quick responses to emerging cancer mutations and personalized treatment approaches.
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