Journal of Vaccine Research 2024, Vol.14, No.3, 120-134 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/jvr 126 Another strategy involves the use of antioxidants to combat oxidative stress. Genes that enhance the production of antioxidants can help neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during ischemia-reperfusion, thereby protecting the graft from oxidative damage. This approach has shown promise in experimental models, leading to better graft function and longer survival times (Fischer et al., 2016). 6 Insights from Experimental Studies 6.1 Case studies on genetically modified pig organ transplants Experimental studies on genetically modified pig organs provide key insights into overcoming challenges in xenotransplantation. Notably, one important study showcased successful kidney transplants from pigs genetically engineered to knock out the alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase (GGTA1) gene, crucial for preventing hyperacute rejection. This modification demonstrated potential in alleviating immediate rejection responses. Biopsy samples from these transplanted kidneys were analyzed, with Figure 2 showing samples taken 54 hours after reperfusion. The results supported the initial success of these xenografts. Hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed normal-looking glomeruli and tubulointerstitium, with no signs of microvascular inflammation or lymphocytic infiltration, indicating effective integration and the absence of immediate immune rejection. Additionally, immunofluorescence microscopy of most samples showed minimal to no C4d staining in the peritubular capillaries, suggesting no antibody-mediated rejection, although one recipient displayed focal C4d staining, indicating some level of complement activation. Ultrastructural imaging further confirmed the structural integrity of the transplanted kidneys, displaying well-preserved glomerular basement membranes and podocyte foot processes. These findings confirm that the structural aspects of the kidneys were maintained post-transplantation, contributing to overall graft function (Montgomery et al., 2022). Figure 2 Photomicrographs of Biopsy Samples from Pig Kidneys Explanted from the Recipients 54 Hours after Reperfusion (Adapted from Montgomery et al., 2022)
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