Journal of Vaccine Research 2024, Vol.14, No.3, 120-134 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/jvr 124 Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) also protects cells from IRI by stabilizing cellular proteins and preventing aggregation and apoptosis. Coe et al. (2020) demonstrated that pig livers modified to express HSP70 showed significant resistance to IRI during ex vivo perfusion with human blood, highlighting the potential of this gene in xenotransplantation. 5 Regulatory Pathways Involved in Graft Longevity 5.1 Immune response regulation and graft rejection mechanisms In xenotransplantation, immune responses, including both innate and adaptive immunity, play crucial roles in graft rejection. Figure 1 illustrates the key immune participants in these rejection processes and outlines potential strategies to improve graft outcomes. The interaction between these immune components involves a multifaceted approach combining genetic modifications in donor pigs and targeted immunosuppressive treatments in recipients. By addressing both innate and adaptive immune responses, these strategies aim to enhance graft longevity and improve outcomes in xenotransplantation. Figure 1 Key immunological players involved in xenograft rejection and possible strategies to improve graft outcome (Adapted from Vadori and Cozzi, 2015) Image caption: Figure 1 clearly illustrates the key players in both the innate and adaptive immune systems involved in xenograft rejection, along with various strategies to improve graft outcomes through genetic modifications and immunosuppressive approaches. The combination of these strategies helps to reduce rejection, extend graft survival, and enhance the success rates of xenotransplantation. (Adapted from Vadori and Cozzi, 2015)
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