Journal of Vaccine Research 2024, Vol.14, No.3, 107-119 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/jvr 115 reduction in new chronic hepatitis B cases and a 65% reduction in mortality by 2030, emphasizing the importance of universal birth-dose vaccination and full vaccine coverage (Spearman et al., 2017). 7.2 Regional programs and success stories Different regions have tailored their HBV vaccination strategies to address local epidemiological patterns and healthcare infrastructure. In Latin America, for instance, the endemicity of HBV varies widely, necessitating diverse prevention strategies. The highest priority in this region has been the prevention of perinatal and early childhood transmission, with significant success in reducing HBV prevalence in children (Oh, 1990). Taiwan's implementation of universal hepatitis B immunization in the 1990s led to a more than 90% decline in chronic infection rates among children, showcasing the effectiveness of early and widespread vaccination efforts (Shepard et al., 2006). Sub-Saharan Africa faces unique challenges due to high HBV seroprevalence. Despite these challenges, the region has made strides towards the 2030 elimination targets through the universal implementation of the HBV birth-dose vaccine and improved access to affordable diagnostics and antiviral therapy (Gomes et al., 2019). These efforts are crucial for preventing new infections and managing chronic cases, thereby reducing the overall disease burden. 7.3 Recommendations for policy makers To further advance the global fight against hepatitis B, policymakers must prioritize several key strategies. The universal implementation of the HBV birth-dose vaccine should be mandated and rigorously enforced. This measure is critical for preventing mother-to-child transmission, which is a significant route of chronic HBV infection (Zhao et al., 2020). Additionally, ensuring full vaccine coverage through sustained immunization programs is essential. Policymakers should focus on maintaining high vaccination rates and addressing gaps in coverage, particularly in resource-poor settings (Shepard et al., 2006; Spearman et al., 2017). Targeted vaccination efforts should be directed towards high-risk groups, including healthcare workers, individuals with high-risk behaviors, and populations in regions with high HBV endemicity. Routine screening and immunization of pregnant women, as well as other at-risk adults, can significantly reduce the transmission and impact of HBV (Alavian et al., 2010). Policymakers should also consider integrating HBV vaccination with other public health initiatives to maximize reach and efficiency. Improving access to affordable diagnostics and antiviral treatments is vital. Early diagnosis and effective management of chronic HBV infections can prevent severe liver disease and reduce mortality rates. Policymakers should work towards making these healthcare services accessible and affordable, particularly in low-income regions (Spearman et al., 2017). Continuous monitoring and evaluation of vaccination programs are necessary to measure their impact and identify areas for improvement. Policymakers should invest in robust surveillance systems to track HBV infection rates, vaccination coverage, and program outcomes. This data-driven approach will enable timely adjustments to strategies and ensure the sustained success of HBV control efforts (Shepard et al., 2006; Pattyn et al., 2021). A multifaceted approach that includes universal vaccination, targeted immunization of high-risk groups, improved access to diagnostics and treatment, and continuous program evaluation is essential for the global eradication of hepatitis B. Policymakers must commit to these strategies to achieve the ambitious goals set by the WHO and ultimately render the world hepatitis B free. 8 Future Directions in Global HBV Control 8.1 Innovations in vaccine technology The future of global HBV control hinges significantly on advancements in vaccine technology. Current vaccines have proven effective, but there is always room for improvement. Innovations such as the development of therapeutic vaccines, which not only prevent infection but also treat existing chronic infections, are on the horizon. These vaccines aim to stimulate the immune system to clear the virus from the body, offering hope for millions of chronic HBV carriers (Locarnini et al., 2015; Pattyn et al., 2021). Additionally, research is ongoing to create vaccines that are more effective in populations with a high prevalence of HBV mutations, which can lead to
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