JVR_2024v14n2

2 Need for Universal Influenza Vaccines	5
2.1 Limitations of existing vaccines	5
2.2 Benefits of a universal vaccine	5
3 Mechanisms of Broad Protection	7
3.1 Targeting conserved antigens	7
3.2 Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs)	7
3.3 T-Cell responses	8
3.4 Innate immune responses	8
4 Strategies for Universal Vaccine Development	9
4.1 Viral vector-based vaccines	9
4.2 Recombinant protein vaccines	10
4.3 mRNA vaccines	10
4.4 Adjuvants and delivery systems	10
5 Preclinical and Clinical Studies	11
5.1 Animal models and immunogenicity	11
5.2 Phase I/II clinical trials	11
5.3 Phase III clinical trials	11
6 Challenges and Future Directions	12
6.1 Addressing antigenic diversity	12
6.2 Overcoming technical and logistical barriers	12
6.3 Future research directions	12
7 Concluding Remarks	13

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