Journal of Vaccine Research 2024, Vol.14, No.2, 85-94 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/jvr 89 elimination efforts, particularly in the absence of highly effective vaccines and the emergence of drug-resistant strains of the parasite (Karunamoorthi, 2011; Kaslow et al., 2017). Integrated Vector Management (IVM) has been emphasized as a comprehensive approach to control mosquito populations, combining various strategies such as indoor residual spraying (IRS), long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs), and environmental management (Raghavendra et al., 2011; Benelli and Beier, 2017). The global malaria vaccine pipeline is robust, with numerous candidates in various stages of development, including the RTS,S vaccine, which has shown partial efficacy in clinical trials (Crompton et al., 2010; Hemingway et al., 2016). Despite these advancements, the global fight against malaria faces challenges such as insecticide resistance, the need for new diagnostic tools, and the development of more effective vaccines (Benelli and Mehlhorn, 2016; Kaslow et al., 2017). Figure 1 IEC materials distributed in the field to create awareness on malaria prevention and control (Adopted from Ng’ang’a et al., 2021) Image caption: The last two (managing malaria) are ICIPE brochures distributed during stakeholders meeting and workshops (Adopted from Ng’ang’a et al., 2021) 6.2 Regional case studies 6.2.1 Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa remains the region most affected by malaria, with children and pregnant women being particularly vulnerable. The region has seen some success with the implementation of IRS and LLINs, but these methods have not significantly reduced malaria prevalence due to outdoor transmission and insecticide resistance (Benelli and Beier, 2017). The RTS,S vaccine is currently being evaluated in phase III trials in Africa, showing
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