Journal of Vaccine Research 2024, Vol.14, No.2, 85-94 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/jvr 85 Review and Progress Open Access Malaria Control: Advances in Vector Management and Vaccine Development DaweiWang Hainan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Haikou, 570206, Hainan, China Corresponding email: daweiwang@qq.com Journal of Vaccine Research, 2024, Vol.14, No.2 doi: 10.5376/jvr.2024.14.0010 Received: 01 Apr., 2024 Accepted: 03 May, 2024 Published: 15 May, 2024 Copyright © 2024 Wang, This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Preferred citation for this article: Wang D.W., 2024, Malaria control: advances in vector management and vaccine development, Journal of Vaccine Research, 14(2): 85-94 (doi: 10.5376/jvr.2024.14.0010) Abstract Malaria remains a significant global health challenge, necessitating continuous advancements in both vector management and vaccine development. This study synthesizes recent progress in these two critical areas. In vector management, traditional methods such as indoor residual spraying and insecticide-treated nets have faced challenges due to insecticide resistance, prompting the exploration of novel strategies including genetic manipulation, biological control agents, and evolution-proof insecticides. Concurrently, vaccine development has seen promising advancements with the RTS,S vaccine showing partial efficacy in Phase III trials and the emergence of next-generation vaccines targeting various stages of the Plasmodium life cycle. The integration of these innovative approaches in vector control and vaccine development holds potential for more effective malaria control and eventual eradication. This study highlights the importance of continued research and the need for integrated strategies to combat malaria. Keywords Malaria control; Vector management; Vaccine development; Insecticide resistance; Plasmodium lifecycle 1 Introduction Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by Plasmodium parasites, which are transmitted to humans through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. The most common and deadly species responsible for malaria in humans are Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. Malaria remains a significant global health challenge, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where it causes substantial morbidity and mortality. The disease's complex lifecycle, involving both human and mosquito hosts, complicates efforts to control and eliminate it (Nikolaeva et al., 2015; Olotu et al., 2017; Draper et al., 2018). Vector management and vaccine development are critical components of malaria control and elimination strategies. Vector control, which includes interventions such as insecticide-treated bed nets, indoor residual spraying, and environmental management, has been instrumental in reducing malaria transmission in many regions (Karunamoorthi, 2011; Wilson et al., 2020). However, the emergence of insecticide resistance among mosquito populations poses a significant threat to the sustainability of these interventions (Wilson et al., 2020). On the other hand, vaccine development offers a promising complementary approach to malaria control. Despite the challenges posed by the parasite's complex lifecycle and its ability to evade the immune system, significant progress has been made in developing vaccines targeting various stages of the parasite's lifecycle (Holder, 1990; Dhanawat et al., 2010; Draper et al., 2018). Transmission-blocking vaccines, pre-erythrocytic vaccines, and blood-stage vaccines are among the strategies being explored to provide long-term protection against malaria (Wang et al., 2009; Nikolaeva et al., 2015; Ogeto et al., 2020). The study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent advances in vector management and vaccine development for malaria control. By synthesizing findings from multiple research studies, this study will highlight the progress made, the challenges encountered, and the future directions in these critical areas. The scope of this study includes an examination of the latest vector control strategies, the development and clinical trials of various malaria vaccines, and the integration of these approaches into broader malaria elimination efforts. Through this study, we seek to inform and guide future research and policy decisions aimed at achieving the ultimate goal of malaria eradication.
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