Journal of Vaccine Research 2024, Vol.14, No.2, 54-64 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/jvr 54 Review Article Open Access Vaccination Strategies to Mitigate Antimicrobial Resistance: Global Perspectives TianChen Jilin Beodo Medical Immunization Products Co., Ltd., Jilin, 132013, Jilin, China Corresponding email: chentian@126.com Journal of Vaccine Research 2024, Vol.14, No.2 doi: 10.5376/jvr.2024.14.0007 Received: 12 Mar., 2024 Accepted: 15 Apr., 2024 Published: 25 Apr., 2024 Copyright © 2024 Chen, This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Preferred citation for this article: Chen T., 2024, Vaccination strategies to mitigate antimicrobial resistance: global perspectives, Journal of Vaccine Research, 14(2): 54-64 (doi: 10.5376/jvr.2024.14.0007) Abstract Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant threat to global health, leading to increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Traditional approaches to combat AMR, such as antibiotic stewardship and the development of new antibiotic, have proven insufficient. Vaccines offer a promising alternative by preventing infections and reducing the need for antibiotics. This study explores the role of vaccination strategies in mitigating antimicrobial resistance from a global perspective, highlighting the current state of vaccine development, their impact on AMR, and the challenges and future prospects in this field. The results showed that vaccines have demonstrated substantial efficacy in reducing the incidence of infections and subsequent antibiotic use, thereby decreasing the emergence of AMR. For instance, the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) in Ethiopia has significantly slowed the development of AMR, reducing antimicrobial treatment failures and AMR-related deaths. Existing vaccines, such as those for Haemophilus influenzae type B and Streptococcus pneumoniae, have shown impressive results in reducing antibiotic use and AMR. Furthermore, novel vaccine technologies, including virus-like particles (VLPs), offer promising avenues for future vaccine development against AMR-related pathogens. Vaccination strategies play a crucial role in the global fight against antimicrobial resistance. By preventing infections and reducing antibiotic use, vaccines can significantly mitigate the development and spread of AMR. Continued investment in vaccine research and development, along with international collaboration, is essential to harness the full potential of vaccines in combating AMR. Keywords Antimicrobial resistance; Vaccines; Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine; Virus-like particles; Global health; Antibiotic use; Vaccine development 1 Introduction Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as a critical global health threat, characterized by the ability of microorganisms to withstand the effects of medications that once effectively treated infections. The misuse and overuse of antimicrobial in human medicine, agriculture, and animal husbandry have accelerated the development and spread of resistant strains, leading to increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs (Jansen et al., 2018; Micoli et al., 2021; Costanzo and Roviello, 2023). The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared AMR a global emergency, necessitating urgent and coordinated action to mitigate its impact (Jansen and Anderson, 2018; Buchy et al., 2019). Traditional approaches to combat AMR, such as antimicrobial stewardship and the development of new antimicrobial, have proven insufficient on their own, highlighting the need for innovative strategies (Ozawa et al., 2021; Saeed et al., 2023). Vaccination presents a promising and underutilized strategy in the fight against AMR. By preventing infections, vaccines reduce the need for antibiotic, thereby decreasing the selection pressure for resistant strains (Lipsitch and Siber, 2016; Jansen et al., 2018; Micoli et al., 2021). Vaccines have demonstrated significant success in reducing the incidence of diseases caused by antibiotic-resistant pathogens, such as Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (Jansen and Anderson, 2018; Ozawa et al., 2021). Moreover, vaccines can contribute to herd immunity, protecting unvaccinated individuals and further reducing the spread of resistant bacteria (Kumar, 2018; Saeed et al., 2023). The development of next-generation vaccines targeting resistant pathogens holds great potential to curb the AMR crisis (Rosini et al., 2020; Costanzo and Roviello, 2023).
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