Journal of Vaccine Research 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 10-16 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/jvr 11 1 Definition of Animal Vaccines Animal vaccines are biologics used to prevent and control infectious diseases in animals. They are composed of one or more microbial components and can stimulate the immune system of animals to produce antibodies against specific pathogens, thereby providing protection. Animal vaccines are typically administered to animals through injection, but they can also be given orally or via spray. Pathogens (such as viruses, bacteria, or parasites) must be isolated from infected animals and cultured in the laboratory to obtain a sufficient quantity of the pathogen for vaccine preparation. To create safe and effective vaccines, the pathogens need to be inactivated or attenuated. Inactivated vaccines use chemical substances or physical methods (such as heat treatment) to kill the pathogens, rendering them non-pathogenic while still eliciting an immune response. Attenuated vaccines are achieved by reducing the pathogenesis of the pathogen. The primary purpose of animal vaccines is to prevent animal infections and reduce the spread of diseases. They are widely used in agriculture and livestock farming to protect farm animals from common diseases. Animal vaccines are also crucial for the protection of wildlife populations, particularly for endangered species. The use of animal vaccines has significant implications for human health since many animal pathogens can be transmitted to humans through the food chain, thereby reducing the risk of zoonotic diseases. Furthermore, animal vaccines provide important information and platforms for the development and testing of human pathogen vaccines. Animal vaccines serve as essential tools for preventing and controlling infectious diseases in animals. By stimulating the immune system of animals, they offer long-term immune protection, reducing the occurrence and transmission of animal diseases. This is crucial for maintaining the health of both agricultural and wildlife animals and protecting humans from the threats posed by animal pathogens. 2 Classification of Animal Vaccines According to the use of the vaccine and the type of disease, animal vaccines can be divided into two categories: preventive vaccines and therapeutic vaccines 2.1 Preventive vaccines Preventive vaccines are vaccines administered to animals when they are in good health to enhance their immunity and prevent the occurrence and spread of a specific disease. Preventive vaccines can be further categorized into primary vaccines and secondary vaccines. Primary vaccines are prepared from pathogens that are either naturally occurring or artificially cultured, such as rabies vaccines, foot-and-mouth disease vaccines, and avian influenza vaccines. Secondary vaccines refer to administering the same or different vaccines to animals after receiving the primary vaccine, in order to enhance their immunity and enhance vaccine efficacy. For example, multiple doses of foot-and-mouth disease vaccine are required to establish effective immunity (Figure 1). Figure 1 Animal vaccine reagents
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MjQ4ODYzNQ==