International Journal of Molecular Medical Science, 2025, Vol.15, No.5, 205-213 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmms 205 Systematic Review Open Access Research Progress on Biomarkers for Early Screening of Alzheimer’s Disease MinLi The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejian Guniversity School of Medncine, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China Corresponding email: limin@qq.com International Journal of Molecular Medical Science, 2025, Vol.15, No.5 doi: 10.5376/ijmms.2025.15.0021 Received: 03 Jul., 2025 Accepted: 10 Aug., 2025 Published: 12 Sep., 2025 Copyright © 2025 Li, This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Preferred citation for this article: Li M., 2025, Research progress on biomarkers for early screening of alzheimer’s disease, International Journal of Molecular Medical Science, 15(5): 205-213 (doi: 10.5376/ijmms.2025.15.0021) Abstract This study explored biomarkers for the early screening of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia worldwide. The pathological changes of Alzheimer's disease can occur 15 to 20 years before the appearance of clinical symptoms, so early detection is very important. At present, Aβ42, total tau protein (t-tau), and phosphorylated tau protein (p-tau) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are regarded as the gold standard for early diagnosis, but these tests require invasive procedures. Emerging markers such as exosome micrornas (miRNAs) and speech analysis have demonstrated potential for application. It is recommended to use multiple biomarkers together and integrate various information (such as body fluids, images, genes, etc.) with artificial intelligence. This can help improve the accuracy of early disease detection and disease monitoring. There are still some problems at present, such as the lack of a unified testing method, high testing costs, and the judgment results may be affected by different groups of people. In the future, efforts should be made to develop low-cost technologies that do not require invasive operations, and promote precise intervention and personalized management. Biomarkers have made significant progress in the early detection of Alzheimer's disease, but to further promote their application in clinical practice and thereby improve the prognosis of patients, existing problems still need to be addressed. Keywords Alzheimer’s disease (AD); Early screening biomarkers; β-amyloid (Aβ); Tau protein; Multi-modal integration 1 Introdution Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia and a very common neurodegenerative disorder worldwide. With the increase in the elderly population, its prevalence is expected to rise significantly (Klyucherev et al., 2022). This disease is mainly manifested as continuous decline in cognitive ability, memory loss and functional impairment, which usually result from the gradual degeneration and death of neurons. When AD is clinically diagnosed, significant and irreversible neuronal loss often occurs, thereby limiting the effectiveness of existing treatment methods. Therefore, early screening and diagnosis are of great significance, which helps to take timely intervention measures, possibly delaying the progression of the disease and maintaining the patient's cognitive ability for a longer period of time (Marquez and Yassa, 2019). Biomarkers are measurable biological indicators that can show possible pathological changes in Alzheimer's disease several years or even decades before the onset of clinical symptoms (Marquez and Yassa, 2019). Important biomarkers, such as Aβ and tau proteins in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), or changes observed through advanced neuroimaging techniques, reflect the key pathological characteristics of AD and provide an objective basis for early diagnosis (Ossenkoppele et al., 2022). In recent years, scientists have been able to detect these markers and other related indicators in samples such as blood, saliva and eye tissue, providing a more convenient and less invasive method for large-scale screening. The use of biomarkers not only helps in early detection and differential diagnosis, but also helps identify high-risk populations, monitor disease development and evaluate treatment effects (Blennow and Zetterberg, 2018). This study will explore the latest research on biomarkers related to the early screening of Alzheimer's disease in terms of confirmation and validation, including the development of fluid, imaging, and new non-invasive methods. This study will also explore the difficulties and future trends faced by these biomarkers in practical medical applications, aiming to increase the early detection rate and assist in individualized treatment, thereby alleviating the health stress brought by Alzheimer's disease on a global scale.
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