International Journal of Molecular Medical Science, 2025, Vol.15, No.2, 54-68 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmms 55 In the “American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines”, it is suggested to use chemoprophylaxis for children at risk of VTE, such as using low molecular weight heparin drugs for thrombosis prevention, by Chalmers et al. (2011) and others. However, the safety and efficacy of this chemical prevention are still controversial (Chalmers et al., 2011; Rühle and Stoll, 2018). Therefore, it is crucial to establish high-quality pediatric venous thromboembolism risk prediction model. At present, the children's VTE risk prediction model is rarely used clinically, with a variety of research subjects and poor homogeneity (Yang et al., 2022). Therefore, the present study focused on venous thromboembolism (VTE) in children, aiming to explore new influencing factors for VTE and analyze differences in the occurrence of VTE in different regions through systematic review and meta-analysis of published risk prediction models. At the same time, the predictive ability of the combined AUC evaluation model provides a strong basis for the selection and development of relevant models for clinical medical staff. 2Methods The research protocol has been registered in PROSPERO (registration number: CRD42024537499). 2.1 Literature search strategy The search databases are Wanfang, CNKI, CSTJ, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Library. The search period is from the establishment of the database to April 16, 2024. The English search terms include: child, pediatric, venous thromboembolism, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, predict, predictive model, predictive score, risk factor, risk prediction, risk assessment, model. The search strategy is based on PubMed, as shown in Figure 1. The literature was searched by 2 researchers, and if there was a disagreement, the 2 researchers would discuss it, and if necessary, a third researcher would make the judgment. Figure 1 PubMed retrieval mode In addition, we used the PICOTS system in the systematic review to help us define the purpose of this study, the search strategy, and the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The main items of the systematic review are described as follows: P (Population): Pediatric patients with venous thromboembolism aged ≤21 years. I (Intervention model): Developed and published pediatric venous thromboembolism risk prediction model. C (Comparator): No competition model. Outcome: The research findings indicate the formation of venous thromboembolism. T (Timing): Basic information at admission, results of clinical scoring scales, and laboratory-based predictive indicators. S (Setting): The expected use of the risk prediction model is to predict the risk of venous thromboembolism in children, improve the prediction rate of VTE in children by clinical staff, and reduce the incidence of VTE in children. 2.2 Inclusion and exclusion criteria The inclusion criteria for the study are: ① Study types: cohort studies and case-control studies; ② Study population: children, aged ≤21 years, including premature infants; ③Study content: construction of the risk prediction model for pediatric venous thromboembolism.
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