International Journal of Molecular Medical Science, 2025, Vol.15, No.2, 89-97 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmms 95 8 Concluding Remarks Cordyceps sinensis polysaccharides have diverse structural characteristics, such as different monosaccharide compositions, molecular weights and types of glycosidic bonds. For example, SDQCP-1 was identified as a glucose-galactose-mannose polymer, and CMPB90-1 contains a glucuronide group structure. Their respective unique branching patterns support the biological activity of polysaccharides. These subtle structural differences are crucial for polysaccharides to regulate immunity, such as enhancing macrophage activity, promoting lymphocyte proliferation, and activating signaling pathways such as MAPK and NF-κB. It is of vital importance to master the structure-function relationship of Cordyceps polysaccharides. Their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities are all closely related to specific structural characteristics. Although modern analytical methods have helped reveal these structures, further research is still needed on how they precisely affect biological activity. These findings play a fundamental role in optimizing the therapeutic application of polysaccharides. Cordyceps sinensis polysaccharides have broad prospects in the fields of medicine and health products. They are derived from nature and highly active, thus becoming ideal candidates for functional foods, dietary supplements and new therapeutic agents. Continuous research on its structure and function will promote the development of more new products based on immune regulation and other benefits. In addition, in the future, it is necessary to enhance the assessment of its safety and stability, and ensure its reliability and effectiveness in practical applications through standardized production processes and clinical research. Acknowledgments We sincerely thank the anonymous reviewers for their valuable suggestions on this study. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Bi S., Huang W., Chen S., Huang C., Li C., Guo Z., Yang J., Zhu J., Song L., and Yu R., 2020, Cordyceps militaris polysaccharide converts immunosuppressive macrophages into M1-like phenotype and activates T lymphocytes by inhibiting the PD-L1/PD-1 axis between TAMs and T lymphocytes, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 150: 261-280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.050. Bi S., Jing Y., Zhou Q., Hu X., Zhu J., Guo Z., Song L., and Yu R., 2018, Structural elucidation and immunostimulatory activity of a new polysaccharide from Cordyceps militaris, Food and Function, 9(1): 279-293. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7fo01147d Cheung J., Li J., Cheung A., Zhu Y., Zheng K., Bi C., Duan R., Choi R., Lau D., Dong T., Lau B., and Tsim K., 2009, Cordysinocan, a polysaccharide isolated from cultured cordyceps, activates immune responses in cultured T-lymphocytes and macrophages: signaling cascade and induction of cytokines, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 124(1): 61-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2009.04.010 Guan J., Zhao J., Feng K., Hu D., and Li S., 2011, Comparison and characterization of polysaccharides from natural and cultured Cordyceps using saccharide mapping, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 399: 3465-3474. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-010-4396-y He B., Zheng Q., Guo L., Huang J., Yun F., Huang S., and Lin J., 2019, Structural characterization and immune-enhancing activity of a novel high-molecular-weight polysaccharide fromCordyceps militaris, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 145: 11-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.115 Krishna K.V., Ulhas R., and Malaviya A., 2023, Bioactive compounds fromCordyceps and their therapeutic potential, Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 44(5): 753-773. https://doi.org/10.1080/07388551.2023.2231139 Kuo M., Chang C., Cheng T., and Wu M., 2007, Immunomodulatory effect of exo-polysaccharides from submerged cultured Cordyceps sinensis: enhancement of cytokine synthesis, CD11b expression, and phagocytosis, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 75: 769-775. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-007-0880-5 Lee J.S, and Hong E.K., 2011, Immunostimulating activity of the polysaccharides isolated fromCordyceps militaris, International Immunopharmacology, 11(9) 1226-1233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2011.04.001
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