International Journal of Molecular Medical Science, 2025, Vol.15, No.2, 89-97 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmms 92 of use. Different concentrations will produce different effects. For example, when the concentration of EPS-1 polysaccharide is 25-250 micrograms per milliliter, the larger the dosage, the more it can stimulate macrophages to release cytokines (Wang et al., 2011). The duration of use is also crucial-long-term use can continuously enhance the activity of lymphocytes and macrophages (Liu et al., 2016), while short-term use shows quick results but has a short duration. These findings indicate that scientifically controlling the dosage and usage cycle is of great significance for exerting the immunomodulatory function of polysaccharides (Luo et al., 2017; Zheng et al., 2022). Figure 1 Potential immunomodulatory mechanism of HCMP activating RAW 264.7 macrophages (Adopted from Liu et al., 2024) Image Caption: HCMP: A high-molecular-weight polysaccharide isolated fromCordyceps (Adopted from Liu et al., 2024) 4 The Mechanism by whichCordyceps Polysaccharides Regulate Immunity 4.1 Binding to immune receptors Cordyceps polysaccharides regulate immune function by binding to specific receptors on the surface of immune cells. These polysaccharides can accurately recognize receptors such as Dectin-1 and TLR-2, thereby initiating an immune response. For example, the pprllf-2 polysaccharide in Polygonum cuspidatumcan bind to the TLR-2 and TLR-4 receptors, initiating subsequent signal transduction (Zhan et al., 2019). Cordyceps militaris polysaccharide CMPB90-1 also works through the TLR2 receptor (Bi et al., 2018). The study also found that after Cordyceps polysaccharide CP80-1 binds to the Dectin-1 receptor, it can activate Syk kinase and trigger a series of reactions, ultimately enhancing the function of macrophages through the Syk/NF-κB channel and promoting the release of inflammatory factors (Figure 2) (Wan et al., 2023). These results indicate that the binding of polysaccharides to receptors is a key step in their regulation of immunity. Figure 2 Dectin-1 receptor-mediated Syk/NF-kB signaling pathway with CP80-1 treatment (Adopted from Wan et al., 2023)
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