International Journal of Molecular Medical Science, 2025, Vol.15, No.2, 80-88 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmms 84 as butyrate, acetate, and propionate. These SCFAs can help lower inflammation and improve how the body uses insulin (Figure 2) (Zhou et al., 2020). Figure 2 Effects of polysaccharides on intestinal barrier integrity and changes in gut microbiota during diabetes (Adapted from Zhou et al., 2022) Image caption: The gut microbiota dysbiosis may disrupt gut barrier integrity, increase intestinal permeability and drive bacterial translocation, eventually triggering inflammation and insulin resistance in different organs. However, polysaccharides intervention can increase the relative abundance of mucosa-associated bacteria and promote SCFAs produciton, which enhance tight junction and mucus secretion, thereby preventing diabtes (Adapted from Zhou et al., 2022) YPs can also cut down the number of bad bacteria that cause inflammation. This helps bring the gut bacteria back into balance. YPs make the gut wall stronger too. They stop harmful molecules like LPS from leaking into the blood and causing inflammation (Ouyang et al., 2021). By helping gut bacteria grow, making more SCFAs, and keeping the gut wall strong, YPs help the body manage blood sugar better. This makes them a good natural option for dealing with pre-diabetes (Cheng et al., 2019). 5 Pre-Clinical and Clinical Evidence 5.1 Animal studies Tests on animals show that yam polysaccharides (YPs) may help bring down blood sugar and help insulin work well. In one test, mice were fed a high-fat diet and given STZ to make them diabetic. Then they were treated with a kind of YP called CYPB. These mice had lower fasting blood sugar and could deal with sugar better. They also had more of some useful proteins like InsR, Akt, and FoxO3, which help manage blood sugar (Feng et al., 2022). Their livers also kept more sugar-about 30% more than diabetic mice that didn’t get YPs.
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