International Journal of Molecular Medical Science, 2024, Vol.14, No.6, 324-341 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmms 328 Sanghuangporus polysaccharides have shown potential antitumor effects. They can inhibit the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and promote anti-inflammatory cytokines, which may contribute to their antitumor activity (Liu et al., 2023b). Additionally, these polysaccharides have been found to downregulate genes involved in lipid accumulation, suggesting a role in lipid regulation therapy (Zhang et al., 2023). 2.3 Biological activities of Sanghuangporus polysaccharides Sanghuangporus polysaccharides exhibit significant antioxidant activity. They have been shown to scavenge superoxide anions and other free radicals, which helps in reducing oxidative stress (Liu et al., 2018; Liu et al., 2023b). The antioxidant properties are influenced by the specific monosaccharide composition and molecular weight of the polysaccharides. The immunomodulatory effects of Sanghuangporus polysaccharides include enhancing macrophage activity and modulating cytokine production. For example, certain fractions of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides, which share similar properties with Sanghuangporus polysaccharides, have been shown to enhance macrophage NO production and phagocytic capacity. These effects contribute to the overall immune-boosting properties of the polysaccharides. Preliminary studies have shown that Sanghuangporus polysaccharides possess antitumor potential. They can inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells and modulate immune responses to more effectively target cancer cells (Liu et al., 2023a; Zhang et al., 2023). Wei et al. (2016) studied the inhibitory effect of Sanghuangporus polysaccharides on liver cancer and found that the tumor mass in the experimental group treated with Sanghuangporus polysaccharides was reduced, and liver cancer cell necrosis was observed. Compared to anticancer drugs, Sanghuangporus polysaccharides demonstrated lower toxicity. Analysis of the antitumor mechanism suggested that Sanghuangporus polysaccharides might be related to immune regulation. Ying et al. (2017) found through research that polysaccharides from Sanghuangporus fruiting bodies exhibited better antitumor effects than those fromSanghuangporus mycelium. Additionally, the antitumor activity of mycelium polysaccharides gradually increased as the growth period extended. However, further research is still needed to fully understand the mechanisms behind these antitumor effects and to develop potential therapeutic applications. Sanghuangporus polysaccharides exhibit a range of biological activities, including antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and antitumor effects. Their chemical composition and structural characteristics play a crucial role in determining these activities, making them a promising area for research in therapeutic applications. 3 Inhibitory Effects of Sanghuangporus Polysaccharides on Tumor Cell Proliferation 3.1 Invitro studies Sanghuangporus polysaccharides have garnered significant attention for their antitumor potential in various in vitro studies. These polysaccharides can inhibit tumor cell proliferation and modulate immune responses to target cancer cells more effectively. For instance, polysaccharides isolated from Sanghuangporus vaninii (SVP) exhibited moderate antiproliferative activity against several cancer cell lines, including HeLa, SHG-44, SMMC-7721, and MCF-7 cells. In tumor cell inhibition experiments conducted in vitro, both crude polysaccharides and the purified SSP1 were shown to inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells such as HepG2, A549, MDA-MB-231, PC3, SGC-7901, and HCT-116 to varying degrees. Notably, SSP1 was more effective than the crude polysaccharides, with a significant difference (P<0.05) (Ying, 2023). Additionally, research has shown that SVP can modulate the cell cycle, promote apoptosis, and reduce the migration and invasion ability of MCF-7 cells (Figure 4) (Wan et al., 2020). Polysaccharides extracted fromPolygala tenuifolia Willd. (PTP) were found to induce apoptosis in S180 sarcoma cells, characterized by nuclear fragmentation, apoptotic body formation, and a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (Yu et al., 2021a). Cheng et al. (2020a) isolated a novel extracellular polysaccharide from the liquid culture of Sanghuangporus species, composed solely of mannose (Man), which featured 1,3-linked and 1,2-linked α-D-Manp units. The 1,2-linked α-D-Manp was substituted at the O-6 position with 1,6-linked
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