International Journal of Molecular Medical Science, 2024, Vol.14, No.6, 380-392 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmms 385 4.3 The relationship between the "Four Qi and Five Flavors" of ingredients and body constitution regulation The concept of "Four Qi and Five Flavors" in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) serves as a foundation for the regulation of body constitutions through diet. The "Four Qi" refers to the thermal properties of foods: cold, cool, warm, and hot, which help to balance the body's internal climate. The "Five Flavors" – sweet, sour, bitter, pungent, and salty – are believed to correspond with different organs and exert various effects on the body's physiological functions. By aligning dietary therapy with the specific body constitution type, practitioners can help restore balance and promote well-being. For instance, individuals with a Yang-deficiency constitution, who often experience cold and weakness, may benefit from foods with warming properties, such as those classified as "warm" or "hot" Qi, and pungent or sweet flavors, to stimulate energy and circulation. Conversely, those with a Yin-deficiency constitution may be prescribed foods with cooling properties, such as bitter or sour-flavored ingredients, to nourish and balance the internal heat excess (Kastner, 2004). By considering both the "Four Qi and Five Flavors" alongside the unique body constitution, dietary therapy in TCM provides a personalized approach to healing, tailored to the individual's physical and energetic needs. This therapeutic alignment promotes a state of equilibrium, essential for preventing and managing chronic conditions like diabetes (Wang and Xue, 2022). 5 Individualized Dietary Therapy Plans for Diabetic Patients with Different Constitution Types 5.1 Dietary strategies for diabetes patients with balanced constitution For diabetic patients with a balanced constitution, the primary goal is to maintain this equilibrium while managing blood glucose levels. A balanced diet that includes a variety of foods is recommended. Emphasis should be placed on whole grains, lean proteins, and a variety of vegetables and fruits. Foods that are neutral in nature, such as rice, wheat, chicken, and carrots, are particularly beneficial. These foods help maintain the body's natural balance and support overall health (Bai et al., 2021). Regular monitoring of blood glucose levels and adjustments in dietary intake based on these readings are essential to prevent any imbalances that could exacerbate diabetic symptoms. 5.2 Dietary strategies for diabetes patients with Qi deficiency constitution Patients with Qi deficiency constitution often experience fatigue, shortness of breath, and a weak immune system. For these individuals, dietary therapy should focus on foods that boost energy and strengthen the body's Qi. Foods such as sweet potatoes, oats, and chicken are recommended due to their ability to enhance Qi. Additionally, incorporating herbs like ginseng and astragalus can be beneficial. These foods and herbs help to invigorate the spleen and stomach, which are crucial for energy production and overall vitality (Bai et al., 2021; Gao, 2023). It is also important to avoid cold and raw foods, which can further weaken Qi. 5.3 Dietary strategies for diabetes patients with Yin deficiency constitution Yin deficiency in diabetic patients is characterized by symptoms such as dry mouth, night sweats, and a feeling of heat in the palms and soles. Dietary therapy should focus on nourishing Yin and providing hydration. Foods that are cooling and moistening, such as tofu, spinach, and pears, are highly recommended. Additionally, incorporating foods like black sesame seeds and duck can help replenish Yin (Wong, 2016; Bai et al., 2021). It is crucial to avoid spicy and fried foods, as they can exacerbate Yin deficiency and lead to further dehydration and heat in the body. 5.4 Dietary strategies for diabetes patients with phlegm-damp constitution For those with a phlegm-damp constitution, symptoms often include a feeling of heaviness, bloating, and excessive mucus production. Dietary therapy should aim to transform phlegm and eliminate dampness. Foods such as barley, adzuki beans, and radishes are effective in reducing dampness and phlegm. Additionally, incorporating bitter foods like bitter melon can help clear heat and dampness from the body (Figure 3) (Bai et al., 2021; Gao, 2023). It is important to avoid dairy products, greasy foods, and sweets, as these can contribute to the formation of phlegm and dampness.
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