International Journal of Molecular Medical Science, 2024, Vol.14, No.6, 369-379 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmms 371 By integrating the theoretical foundations of TCM, such as Yin-Yang, Five Elements, Qi and Blood, and pattern differentiation, modern nutrition science can develop more holistic and effective approaches to health and wellness. This integration not only enriches the theoretical framework of nutrition but also offers practical applications that can improve patient outcomes. 3 Theoretical Foundation of Micronutrient Research in Modern Nutrition Science 3.1 Classification and functions of micronutrients Micronutrients, which include vitamins and minerals, are essential elements required by organisms in small quantities to coordinate a range of physiological functions for health maintenance. Vitamins are categorized into water-soluble (e.g., B vitamins and vitamin C) and fat-soluble (e.g., vitamins A, D, E, and K) groups. Minerals are divided into macrominerals (e.g., calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and magnesium) and trace minerals (e.g., iron, zinc, iodine, and selenium) (Godswill etal., 2020). These micronutrients play critical roles in various biochemical pathways, including energy production, immune function, and DNA synthesis (Strain, 1998; Cai, 2024). The functions of micronutrients are diverse and interconnected. For instance, vitamin D is crucial for calcium absorption and bone health, while vitamin A is essential for vision and immune function. Trace minerals like zinc and iron are vital for enzymatic reactions and oxygen transport, respectively. The intricate interactions between these micronutrients and their roles in maintaining homeostasis highlight the complexity of nutritional biochemistry (Strain, 1998; Godswill et al., 2020). 3.2 Applications of micronutrients in health regulation Micronutrients are integral to health regulation, with applications ranging from disease prevention to enhancing physical performance. Supplementation and fortification strategies have been employed to address deficiencies and improve health outcomes, particularly in vulnerable populations such as children and pregnant women. For example, iron and folic acid supplementation has been shown to reduce the risk of anemia and neural tube defects, respectively (Keats et al., 2019; Tam et al., 2020). In the context of athletic performance, adequate intake of vitamins and minerals is essential for optimal metabolic functions, including energy production, muscle growth, and recovery. Athletes may benefit from targeted micronutrient supplementation to address specific deficiencies and enhance performance, although this should be done under professional guidance to avoid potential adverse effects (Ghazzawi et al., 2019). The integration of micronutrient research into public health policies and personalized nutrition plans underscores their importance in health regulation (Allen, 2014; Ghazzawi et al., 2019). 3.3 Deficiency of micronutrients and health issues Micronutrient deficiencies are a significant public health concern, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Deficiencies in essential vitamins and minerals can lead to a range of health issues, including stunted growth, impaired cognitive development, and increased susceptibility to infections. For instance, vitamin A deficiency can result in blindness and increased mortality from infectious diseases, while iron deficiency is a leading cause of anemia, affecting cognitive and physical development in children (Figure 1) (Yakoob et al., 2017; Tam et al., 2020). The long-term consequences of micronutrient deficiencies are profound, affecting not only individual health but also economic productivity and societal well-being. Early-life deficiencies can have lasting impacts, as evidenced by the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) theory, which links early nutritional status to long-term health outcomes. Addressing these deficiencies through effective interventions, such as large-scale food fortification and targeted supplementation programs, is crucial for improving global health (Keats et al., 2019; Littlejohn et al., 2023). 4 Integration of TCM Holistic View and Micronutrient Theory 4.1 Theoretical integration points The integration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and modern micronutrient theory hinges on several
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