International Journal of Molecular Medical Science, 2024, Vol.14, No.6, 324-341 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmms 336 Dietary polysaccharides have been shown to exert significant immunomodulatory effects in both animal and human studies, enhancing immune function and potentially improving the body's ability to fight off cancerous cells. For example, glucan extracts from mushrooms have been found to improve survival and immune function in cancer patients, suggesting that similar benefits could be achieved with Sanghuangporus polysaccharides (Ramberg et al., 2010). Furthermore, the use of these polysaccharides as dietary supplements can provide additional health benefits, such as improved gut health and reduced inflammation, which are important for overall well-being and cancer prevention (Wang et al., 2022b; Pradhan et al., 2023). Sanghuangporus polysaccharides hold great potential in cancer prevention through their anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant properties. Their application in early cancer prevention and as dietary supplements offers a promising strategy for reducing cancer risk and promoting health. Continued research and development of Sanghuangporus polysaccharides will further elucidate their mechanisms of action and optimize their use in cancer prevention and health maintenance. 8 Future Research Directions and Challenges 8.1 In-depth research on molecular mechanisms of Sanghuangporus polysaccharides The molecular mechanisms underlying the antitumor effects of Sanghuangporus polysaccharides remain an area ripe for exploration. Current studies have shown that these polysaccharides can regulate cell cycles, promote apoptosis, and reduce the migratory and invasive capacities of cancer cells. For instance, Sanghuangporus vaninii polysaccharides (SVP) have been found to activate p53-related genes and down-regulate matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression, thereby inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis in breast cancer cells (Wan et al., 2020). However, the precise molecular pathways and interactions involved are not fully understood. Future research should focus on elucidating these mechanisms through advanced molecular biology techniques such as transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. Additionally, the role of structural modifications of polysaccharides, such as sulfation and phosphorylation, in enhancing their antitumor activity should be investigated (Huang and Huang, 2017). Understanding these mechanisms will provide a solid foundation for developing more effective Sanghuangporus polysaccharide-based therapies. 8.2 Challenges in developing Sanghuangporus polysaccharides as antitumor drugs Despite the promising antitumor properties of Sanghuangporus polysaccharides, several challenges hinder their development into clinically viable drugs. One major challenge is the variability in polysaccharide composition and bioactivity due to differences in extraction methods, sources, and strains of Sanghuangporus (Wang et al., 2022b; Wang and Huang, 2024). Standardizing the extraction and purification processes is crucial to ensure consistent quality and efficacy. Another challenge is the limited understanding of the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of these polysaccharides in the human body. Studies have shown that polysaccharides can have significant antitumor effects in vitro and in animal models, but their effectiveness in humans remains to be validated through clinical trials (Zhao et al., 2021). Additionally, the potential side effects and toxicity of long-term use of Sanghuangporus polysaccharides need to be thoroughly assessed. Addressing these challenges requires a multidisciplinary approach involving pharmacologists, biochemists, and clinical researchers. 8.3 Clinical application prospects of Sanghuangporus polysaccharides The clinical application of Sanghuangporus polysaccharides holds great promise, particularly in the field of oncology. Their ability to enhance immune function, as demonstrated by the increased secretion of cytokines such as IL-2, IL-6, and IFN-γ, positions them as potential adjuvants in cancer therapy (Zhu et al., 2023). Moreover, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of these polysaccharides could help mitigate the side effects of conventional cancer treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Clinical trials are essential to validate the efficacy and safety of Sanghuangporus polysaccharides in human patients. For example, a meta-analysis of Grifola frondosa polysaccharides has shown significant tumor inhibition and immune enhancement in preclinical studies, suggesting a potential for similar outcomes with Sanghuangporus polysaccharides (Zhao et al., 2021). Furthermore, the integration of Sanghuangporus polysaccharides into functional foods and dietary supplements could provide a preventive approach to cancer, leveraging their health-promoting properties
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