International Journal of Molecular Medical Science, 2024, Vol.14, No.3, 177-192 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmms 189 As the field of xenotransplantation advances, it is imperative to address the ethical considerations associated with genetic modifications and animal welfare. Researchers and policymakers must work together to establish ethical guidelines and regulatory frameworks that ensure the responsible and humane use of genetically modified animals. Public engagement and education are also critical to addressing societal concerns and building trust in the safety and efficacy of xenotransplantation. Continued exploration and innovation in this field hold the potential to address the global shortage of human organs for transplantation, offering hope to patients with end-stage organ failure. Therefore, a call to action is warranted for sustained research efforts, interdisciplinary collaboration, and ethical vigilance to realize the full potential of xenotransplantation. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The author affirms that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Arcidiacono J., 2020, US food and drug administration regulatory approaches for xenotransplantation products and xenografts, Xenotransplantation, 27(6): e12626. https://doi.org/10.1111/xen.12626 PMid:32776377 Burdorf L., Azimzadeh A., and Pierson R., 2018, Progress and challenges in lung xenotransplantation: an update, Current Opinion in Organ Transplantation, 23: 621-627. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOT.0000000000000582 PMid:30234737 Cengiz N., and Wareham C., 2019, Pig-to-human xenotransplantation: Overcoming ethical obstacles, South African Journal of Bioethics and Law, 12(2): 66-71. https://doi.org/10.7196/SAJBL.2019.v12i2.677 Coe T., Detelich D., Rickert C., Carroll C., Serifis N., Matheson R., Raigani S., Rosales I., Qin W., Kan Y., Layer J., Youd M., Westlin W., Kimura S., Azimzadeh A., Yang L., and Markmann J., 2020, Prolonged survival of genetically modified pig livers during machine perfusion with human blood, Transplantation, 104(S3): S37. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.tp.0000698436.68163.75 Cooper D., Hara H., Iwase H., Yamamoto T., Li Q., Ezzelarab M., Federzoni E., Dandro A., and Ayares D., 2019, Justification of specific genetic modifications in pigs for clinical organ xenotransplantation, Xenotransplantation, 26(4): e12516. https://doi.org/10.1111/xen.12516 PMid:30989742 PMCid:PMC10154075 Cooper D., Hara H., Iwase H., Yamamoto T., Wang Z., Jagdale A., Bikhet M., Nguyen H., Foote J., Paris W., Ayares D., Kumar V., Anderson D., Locke J., and Eckhoff D., 2020, Pig kidney xenotransplantation: progress toward clinical trials, Clinical Transplantation, 35(1): e14139. https://doi.org/10.1111/ctr.14139 PMid:33131148 Cowan P., Hawthorne W., and Nottle M., 2019, Xenogeneic transplantation and tolerance in the era of CRISPR-Cas9, Current Opinion in Organ Transplantation, 24: 5-11. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOT.0000000000000589 PMid:30480643 Cyprian W., 2020, Xenotransplantation of the pancreas: a reality check of its historical emergence, International Journal of Diabetes and Clinical Research, 46(6): 987-994. Eissa N., Badrkhan S., Mohamed M., Shaban J., Shahban R., and Dawoud M, 2022, Xenotransplantation: past, present, and future directions, Highlights in BioScience, 5: 1-15. https://doi.org/10.36462/H.BioSci.202205 Entwistle J., Sade R., and Drake D., 2022, Clinical xenotransplantation seems close: ethical issues persist, Artificial organs, 7(4): 1410131. https://doi.org/10.1111/aor.14255 PMid:35451522 Firl D., and Markmann J., 2022, Measuring success in pig to non‐human‐primate renal xenotransplantation: systematic review and comparative outcomes analysis of 1051 life‐sustaining NHP renal allo‐ and xeno‐transplants, American Journal of Transplantation, 22: 1527-1536. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.16994 PMid:35143091 Fu R., Fang M., Xu K., Ren J., Zou J., Su L., Chen X., An P., Yu D., Ka M., Hai T., Li Z., Li W., Yang Y., Zhou Q., and Hu Z., 2020, Generation of GGTA1-/-β2M-/-CIITA-/- Pigs Using CRISPR/Cas9 technology to alleviate xenogeneic immune reactions, Transplantation, 104(8): 1566-1573. https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0000000000003205 PMid:32732833
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