IJMMS_2024v14n2

1 Introduction	10
2 The Gut-Brain Axis: A Complex Communication Netw	11
3 Neurotransmitter Production in the Gut	12
5 Applications of SynComs in Mental Health	14
6 Mechanistic Insights and Biological Pathways	15
1 Introduction	27
1 Introduction	36
1 Introduction	48
2 Types of Insulin and Modes of Delivery	49
2.1 Rapid-acting insulin analogs	49
2.2 Long-acting insulin analogs	49
2.3 Innovations in insulin formulations	49
2.4 Alternate routes of insulin delivery	49
3 Technological Advances in Insulin Therapy	49
3.1 Insulin Pumps	49
3.2 Continuous glucose monitoring systems	49
3.3 Automated delivery systems	50
3.4 Integration of smart technologie	50
4 Emerging Trends in Insulin Therapy	51
4.1 Smart insulins and Rlucose-responsive Insulins	51
4.2 Beta-cell replacement and stem cell therapies	51
4.3 Immunomodulatory therapies and vaccines	51
5 Clinical Trials and Evidence-Based Outcomes	52
5.1 Clinical trials on insulin analogues	52
5.2 Trials on insulin delivery systems	52
5.3 Comparative studies on new and conventional th	52
6 Challenges and Barriers in Modern Insulin Therap	52
6.1 Accessibility and cost issues	52
6.2 Patient education and adherence	52
6.3 Technological and implementation barriers	53
6.4 Regulatory and safety issues	53
7 Concluding Remarks	53
57	58

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