International Journal of Molecular Medical Science, 2024, Vol.14, No.2, 100-105 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmms 102 Figure 2 PS-containing vesicles interfere with virion attachment Figure 5 evaluates the inhibitory effects of semen extracellular vesicles (EVs) on Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in reproductive tract cells and tissues. Panel a shows that both semen EVs and seminal plasma (SP) effectively inhibit ZIKV infection in primary human foreskin fibroblasts, while control liposomes do not show significant inhibitory effects. Panel b uses immunofluorescence imaging to display the infection status under different treatment conditions. Panel c further assesses the inhibitory effect of semen EVs and SP on ZIKV in ex vivo vaginal tissue blocks from two donors, finding that semen EVs significantly reduce viral genome levels, confirming their potential application in preventing the spread of ZIKV. Figure 6 evaluates the inhibitory effects of semen extracellular vesicles (EVs) and liposomes containing phosphatidylserine (PS) or phosphatidylcholine (PC) against various viruses. Panel a shows that semen EVs and PS liposomes significantly inhibit viruses that infect via apoptotic mimicry mechanisms (such as ZIKV, DENV, WNV, CHIKV, EBOV, and VSV), while PC liposomes show no significant inhibitory effect. Panel b demonstrates that for viruses that rely on non-lipid receptors (such as SARS-CoV-2, HIV-1, HSV-1, HSV-2, HCMV, and HCV), the inhibitory effects of semen EVs and PS liposomes are weaker. The results indicate that semen EVs and PS liposomes have specific antiviral activity against viruses that employ apoptotic mimicry.
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