International Journal of Molecular Medical Science, 2024, Vol.14, No.2, 144-152 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmms 146 CGMs with insulin pumps has led to the development of sensor-augmented pump (SAP) therapy, which further enhances glucose control by automating insulin delivery adjustments based on continuous glucose data (Boom et al., 2023). These systems have been particularly beneficial in reducing hypoglycemia and improving overall glycemic control (Elleri et al., 2011; Nwokolo and Hovorka, 2023). Figure 1 Improving glycemic outcomes through continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and its integration with connected insulin pens (CIPs), insulin pumps, automated insulin delivery (AID) algorithms, and virtual glucose monitoring platforms combined with artificial intelligence (AI)-based diabetes management systems (Adopted from Yoo and Kim, 2023) Image caption: SAP: Sensor augmented pump; HCLS: Hybrid closed loop system; AHCLS: Advanced hybrid closed-loop system; HCP: Healthcare provider; ICR: Insulin-carbohydrate ratio; CF: Correction factor (Adopted from Yoo and Kim, 2023) 3.3 Automated delivery systems Automated insulin delivery (AID) systems, also known as closed-loop systems or artificial pancreas, represent a significant leap forward in diabetes management. These systems combine CGMs and insulin pumps with sophisticated algorithms to automatically adjust insulin delivery in response to real-time glucose levels (Elleri et al., 2011; Dadlani et al., 2018; Nwokolo and Hovorka, 2023). The Medtronic Minimed 670G is one such system that has been in clinical use since 2017, demonstrating efficacy in maintaining target glucose levels and reducing the burden of diabetes management (Dadlani et al., 2018). Research continues to advance these systems, with fully closed-loop and dual hormone systems showing promise in clinical trials (Elleri et al., 2011; Nwokolo and Hovorka, 2023). 3.4 Integration of smart technologie The integration of smart technologies, such as mobile apps and artificial pancreas systems, is transforming diabetes care. Mobile apps can track glucose levels, insulin doses, and carbohydrate intake, providing valuable data for both patients and healthcare providers. These apps often include decision support tools that help optimize insulin therapy and improve adherence (Aathira an Jain, 2014). The artificial pancreas, which combines CGMs, insulin pumps, and control algorithms, represents the pinnacle of integrated diabetes technology. These systems can significantly reduce the need for manual insulin adjustments, leading to better physiological and psychosocial outcomes for patients (Klonoff, 2003; Elleri et al., 2011; Dadlani et al., 2018; Nwokolo and Hovorka, 2023). The ongoing development of these technologies aims to further enhance their accuracy, usability, and accessibility (Beck et al., 2019; Priesterroth et al., 2021).
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