International Journal of Molecular Medical Science, 2024, Vol.14, No.2, 123-131 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmms 130 5.2.6 Strengthen basic research and clinical trials Huang et al. (2022) mentioned that in order to verify the efficacy and safety of MSCs in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, we need to strengthen basic research and clinical trials. In terms of basic research, we need to further study the biological characteristics of MSCs, immune regulatory mechanisms, and interaction mechanisms with other therapeutic strategies. In terms of clinical trials, we need to conduct large-scale, multi-center clinical trials to evaluate the efficacy and safety of MSCs treatment in different autoimmune diseases. At the same time, a sound follow-up system and database can be established to collect and analyze long-term efficacy and safety data. Through the development of these basic studies and clinical trials, it provides strong support for the wide application of MSCs in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. References Ben-Ami E., Berrih-Aknin S., and Miller A., 2011, Mesenchymal stem cells as an immunomodulatory therapeutic strategy for autoimmune diseases, Autoimmunity reviews, 10(7): 410-415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2011.01.005 PMid:21256250 Castro-Manrreza M., and Montesinos J., 2015, Immunoregulation by Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Biological Aspects and Clinical Applications, Journal of Immunology Research, 2015: 394917. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/394917 PMid:25961059 PMCid:PMC4417567 Chen Y., Yu, Q., Hu, Y., and Shi Y., 2019, Current Research and Use of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Therapy of Autoimmune Diseases, Current stem cell research & therapy, 14(7): 579-582. https://doi.org/10.2174/1574888X14666190429141421 PMid:31729289 Dalal J., Gandy K., and Domen J., 2012, Role of mesenchymal stem cell therapy in Crohn’s disease, Pediatr Res., 71: 445-451. https://doi.org/10.1038/pr.2011.56 PMid:22430380 Gao F., Chiu S., Motan D., Zhang Z., Chen L., Ji H., Tse H., F Q., and Lian Q., 2016, Mesenchymal stem cells and immunomodulation: current status and future prospects, Cell Death & Disease, 7(1): e2062. https://doi.org/10.1038/cddis.2015.327 PMid:26794657 PMCid:PMC4816164 Gomzikova M., James V., and Rizvanov A., 2019, Therapeutic Application of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Immunomodulation, Frontiers in Immunology, 10: 2663. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.02663 PMid:31849929 PMCid:PMC6889906 Huang Y., Wu, Q., and Tam, P., 2022, Immunomodulatory Mechanisms of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Potential Clinical Applications, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(17): 10023. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231710023 PMid:36077421 PMCid:PMC9456387 Kong W.X., Jiang X.X., and Mao N., 2009, Immunomodulatory function of mesenchymal stem cells and the application of MSCs in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, Zhongguo Shiyan Xueyexue Zazhi (Chinese Journal of Experimental Hematology), 17(6): 1605-1608. Munir H., and McGettrick H., 2015, Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for Autoimmune Disease: Risks and Rewards, Stem Cells and Development, 24(18): 2091-2100. https://doi.org/10.1089/scd.2015.0008 PMid:26068030 Peng X.F., and Chen F., 2020, Immunomodulatory functions of exosomes from mesenchymal stem cells and their use in autoimmune inflammatory diseases, Zhonghua Xibao yu Gaoxibao Zazhi (Chinese Journal of Cells and Stem cells), 10(4): 246-250. Ringdén O., Moll G., Gustafsson B., Sadeghi B., Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for Enhancing Hematopoietic Engraftment and Treatment of Graft-Versus-Host Disease, Hemorrhages and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Front Immunol., 13: 839844. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.839844 PMid:35371003 PMCid:PMC8973075 Wang Y., Chen X.D., Cao W., and Shi Y.F., 2014, Plasticity of mesenchymal stem cells in immunomodulation: pathological and therapeutic implications, Nature Immunology, 15: 1009-1016. https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.3002 PMid:25329189
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