International Journal of Molecular Medical Science, 2024, Vol.14, No.2, 106-122 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmms 114 Table 1 Clinical and preclinical evidence for the antidepressant and anxiolytic properties associated with targeting the gut microbiota (Adopted from Foster et al., 2017) Behavioural outcomes Physiological outcomes Clinical evidence B-GOS Increased cognitive processing of positive versus negative attentional vigilance Reduced cortisol awakening response Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota Reduced anxiety scores in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome Increased numbers of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in faecal samples Improved mood in individuals with a low mood prior to taking the probiotic NA Probiotic formulation: Lactobacillus helveticus and Bifidobacterium longum Reduced psychological distress as measured by the HADS Reduced 24-h UFC levels Multispecies probiotic formulation: Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species Reduced cognitive processing of sad mood; decreased aggressive feelings and rumination NA Preclinical evidence Prebiotic- FOS and GOS Antidepressant and anxiolytic-like effects in adult mice. Reversed the behavioural effects of chronic psychosocial stress in mice. Increased BDNF, NR1 and NR2A mRNA, and protein expression in the dentate gyrus and frontal cortex. Reduced acute and chronic stress-induced corticosterone release. Modified specific gene expression in the hippocampus and hypothalamus. Reduced chronic stress-induced elevations in pro-inflammatory cytokines levels. Prebiotic- 3′Sialyllactose and 6'sialyllactose Anxiolytic effect in mice exposed to SDR Prevented SDR-mediated reduction in the number of immature neurons Prebiotic- GOS & polydextrose with lactoferrin (Lf) and milk fat globule membrane Reduced immobility time of maternally separated rats in a forced swimtest Improves NREM Sleep, Enhance REM Sleep Rebound and Attenuate the Stress-Induced Decrease in Diurnal Temperature. Attenuated exaggerated IL-6 response in maternally separated rats following concanavalin A stimulation. Bifidobacterium breve Improved depressive and anxiety-related behaviours in mice No effect upon circulating corticosterone Bifidobacterium longum Anxiolytic effect in step-down inhibitory avoidance Anxiolytic effect mediated via the vagus nerve Lactobacillus plantarum PS128 Reduced immobility time and increased sucrose preference in ELS mice Decreased basal and stress-induced circulating corticosterone levels; attenuated circulating TNF-α and IL-6 levels while increasing IL-10 levels in ELS mice Lactobacillus rhamnosus Reduced immobility time in the forced swim test. Decreased stress-induced anxiety-like behaviour. Decreased stress-induced circulating corticosterone secretion and altered central GABA receptor subunit expression. Attenuated chronic stress-related activation of dendritic cells while increasing IL-10 + regulatory T cells. Lactobacillus fermentum NS9 Reduced ampicillin-induced anxiety behaviour Decreased ampicillin-induced corticosterone secretion and increased hippocampal mineralocorticoid receptor and NMDA receptor levels. Butyric acid Reduced immobility time in Flinders sensitive line rats exposed to a forced swimtest Increased BDNF expression within the prefrontal cortex Behavioural outcomes Physiological outcomes Note: BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor), ELS (early life stress–exposed), FOS (fructo-oligosaccharide), GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid), GOS (galacto-oligosaccharide), HADS (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), IL (interleukin), mRNA (messenger RNA), NA (not assessed), NMDA (N-methyl-d-aspartate), SDR (social disruption stress), TNF (tumour necrosis factor), UFC (urinary free cortisol), NR (NMDA Receptor) (Adopted from Foster et al., 2017)
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