International Journal of Molecular Medical Science, 2024, Vol.14, No.2, 106-122 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmms 112 (SCFAs) like butyrate, which have been shown to influence neurotransmitter synthesis and release (Wijdeveld et al., 2020). 6.2 Interaction between SynComs and host cells in the gut The interaction between SynComs and host cells in the gut is multifaceted, involving direct and indirect pathways. Direct interactions include the production of neuroactive compounds by gut bacteria, which can interact with host receptors and influence neurotransmitter levels. For instance, certain gut bacteria can produce serotonin and other neurotransmitters that interact with the enteric nervous system and subsequently affect the central nervous system (Strandwitz, 2018; Margolis et al., 2021). Indirect interactions involve the modulation of the host's immune system. Gut microbiota can influence the production of cytokines and other immune mediators, which can affect the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and subsequently alter neurotransmitter levels (Petra et al., 2015). Additionally, gut bacteria can affect the integrity of the intestinal barrier, leading to changes in the permeability of the gut and the subsequent translocation of microbial metabolites that can influence brain function (Guo et al., 2021). 6.3 Influence of diet, environment, and lifestyle on SynCom efficacy The efficacy of SynComs in modulating neurotransmitter production and mental health is significantly influenced by diet, environment, and lifestyle (Figure 2). A diet high in sugar and fat has been shown to disrupt gut microbiota composition, leading to changes in neurotransmitter metabolism and brain function (Guo et al., 2021). Conversely, diets rich in fiber and prebiotics can promote the growth of beneficial gut bacteria that produce SCFAs and other neuroactive compounds, thereby enhancing SynCom efficacy (Wijdeveld et al., 2020). Figure 2 Factors affecting the gut microbiota profile (Adopted from Long-Smith et al., 2020)
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