International Journal of Molecular Medical Science, 2024, Vol.14, No.2, 81-89 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmms 85 thereby treating genetic diseases. This personalized treatment approach can significantly enhance therapeutic efficacy, reduce unnecessary side effects, and improve patients' overall quality of life. Furthermore, the CRISPR-Cas system can be utilized for precision gene editing, targeting specific genes to achieve desired therapeutic effects. For instance, researchers can use the CRISPR-Cas system to enhance the anti-tumor capabilities of immune cells for cancer treatment (Das et al., 2022). This precise gene editing method holds the potential for groundbreaking advancements in the treatment of many diseases. However, personalized medicine and precision gene editing face several challenges. There is a need for a deeper understanding of the relationship between genes and diseases to identify which genes can be edited to achieve therapeutic effects. Further improvement in the precision and efficiency of the CRISPR-Cas system is required to ensure accurate editing of target genes and avoid adverse effects on other genes. Additionally, ethical and legal considerations need thorough attention to ensure the rational and ethical application of personalized medicine and precision gene editing. 3 Challenges Faced by the CRISPR-Cas System 3.1 Safety and side effects The clinical application of the CRISPR-Cas system indeed presents several challenges, including safety and side effects (Liu et al., 2019). Therefore, corresponding regulatory and safety measures need to be established. Only with full consideration of ethical, legal, and safety issues can the CRISPR-Cas system truly unleash its potential, providing better treatment outcomes and quality of life for patients. Precision is a crucial concern with the CRISPR-Cas system. Despite its ability to precisely edit target genes, there is still a certain error rate, leading to unintended gene mutations or other adverse effects. Further refinement of the precision of the CRISPR-Cas system is essential to ensure accurate editing of target genes and to avoid adverse effects on other genes. The CRISPR-Cas system may also induce unpredictable side effects. Genome editing may result in unknown impacts, including effects on other genes, alterations in cellular functions, and potential immune reactions. These side effects could have negative implications for the health of patients. Therefore, more research is needed to understand the long-term safety of the CRISPR-Cas system and to establish corresponding regulatory and safety measures. Additionally, ethical and legal issues require thorough consideration. The application of the CRISPR-Cas system involves the modification of the human genome, raising a host of ethical and moral concerns. Questions arise regarding the determination of which genes can be edited to treat diseases and how to ensure that edited genes are not misused or employed for non-therapeutic purposes. Furthermore, the development of relevant legal and regulatory frameworks is necessary to ensure that the application of the CRISPR-Cas system is rational and ethical. 3.2 Ethical and moral considerations The development and application of the CRISPR-Cas system have raised a myriad of ethical and moral considerations (Gonzalez-Avila et al., 2021). When addressing these ethical and moral issues, extensive public discourse and engagement are necessary to ensure that decisions are transparent, inclusive, and aligned with societal consensus. Additionally, the establishment of relevant legal and regulatory frameworks is crucial to ensure that the application of the CRISPR-Cas system occurs within ethical and moral boundaries. Only through comprehensive consideration of ethical and moral issues can the CRISPR-Cas system truly fulfill its potential and benefit humanity. The CRISPR-Cas system allows for direct editing of the human genome, posing ethical questions. For instance, should gene editing be conducted to correct genetic diseases or enhance human traits? How to determine which genes can be edited, and what are the scope and limitations of editing? These questions involve considerations of respect for human life and dignity, as well as the impact on individuals and society. While the CRISPR-Cas system enables gene editing in individuals, these changes may also be passed on to future
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