International Journal of Molecular Medical Science, 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 69-79 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmms 74 2.3 Genomics guided lifestyle interventions Genomics also plays an important role in guiding lifestyle interventions for cardiovascular disease prevention. Everyone's genome is unique, so understanding individual genetic variations can tailor more suitable lifestyle recommendations for them, thereby more effectively reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. In terms of nutrition and diet, genomics can help individuals choose a diet that is more suitable for them. Ouzounian et al. (2007) discussed the applications of genomics and proteomics in cardiovascular medicine, including predictive prevention and personalized treatment of diseases. These methods may provide support for preventing and treating cardiovascular disease by optimizing individual dietary intake. For example, Cha et al. (2018) found that certain genetic variations may affect an individual's metabolism of fat, carbohydrates, or certain nutrients. By detecting these genetic variations, individuals can be provided with personalized dietary recommendations, such as reducing the intake of certain foods or increasing the intake of certain nutrients, to improve cardiovascular health. In terms of exercise, genomics can also provide guidance for individuals. Certain genetic variations may affect an individual's exercise tolerance, muscle strength, and recovery ability. By understanding these genetic variations, individuals can develop more appropriate exercise plans, such as selecting the appropriate type, intensity, and frequency of exercise, to improve cardiovascular health. In addition, genomics can provide individuals with personalized advice on unhealthy habits such as smoking and drinking. Certain genetic variations may increase an individual's sensitivity to these bad habits, thereby increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease. By understanding these genetic variations, individuals can be provided with more specific advice on smoking cessation, alcohol restriction, etc., helping them improve their lifestyle and reduce risks. 2.4 Early screening and diagnostic strategies By utilizing advanced genomic technologies, it is possible to detect signs of cardiovascular disease earlier, thereby achieving early intervention and treatment, and improving the cure and survival rates of the disease. Genomic techniques can help identify genetic variations associated with cardiovascular disease. These genetic variations may involve multiple aspects such as heart structure, function, and metabolic pathways. By detecting these genetic variations, high-risk individuals can be screened and targeted screening and diagnosis can be carried out. This helps to detect signs of cardiovascular disease earlier, thus achieving early intervention and treatment. Schnabel et al. (2012) discussed how new sequencing techniques, epigenetics, and transcriptomics methods can be used for large-scale screening and follow-up of CVD, and how these advances can enhance understanding of the genetic basis of CVD. Ginsburg et al. (2005) discovered new "omics" technologies that allow for "whole genome" querying of sequence variations, transcription, proteins, and metabolites, collectively providing tools for the transformation of cardiovascular gene medicine. Genomic technology can also be used to develop new diagnostic methods and biomarkers. Berger and Mardis (2018) discovered specific gene variations or expression patterns through in-depth research on the relationship between gene variations and cardiovascular disease, which can serve as new biomarkers for disease diagnosis. In addition, genomic technology can also help doctors understand the pathogenesis and progression of diseases, thereby providing ideas for the development of new diagnostic methods. 2.5 Success case analysis In recent years, genomics has made significant progress in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, with one famous successful case being the development and application of PCSK9 inhibitors. PCSK9 (pre protein converting enzyme Bacillus subtilisin 9) is a gene closely related to cardiovascular disease. Research has found that mutations in the PCSK9 gene increase the level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (Figure 2), thereby increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease (Hopewell et al., 2017).
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