International Journal of Molecular Medical Science, 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 69-79 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmms 71 Figure 1 The influencing factors of cardiovascular disease and the selected genes of its SNPs (Vrablík et al., 2021) Note: The different divisions indicate the genes closely related to the occurrence and development of cardiovascular diseases through SNPs under traditional risk factors such as obesity, smoking, diabetes, etc Sequence analysis is an important analytical method primarily used to discover consecutive events that occur within a certain time interval, forming a sequence that should have universal significance. Hopewell et al. (2017) investigated the association between PCSK9 gene mutations and low LDL levels and reduced risk of coronary heart disease, demonstrating the application of sequence analysis in identifying cardiovascular disease risk factors. In the field of biology, sequence analysis is widely used in alignment, pattern recognition, gene prediction, evolutionary analysis, and protein structure prediction of DNA, RNA, and protein sequences. The integration of genetic and epigenetic data provides a more comprehensive and in-depth perspective to understand the genetic characteristics and gene expression patterns of organisms. Bjorklund et al. (2017) demonstrated in their study of the effects of arsenic exposure on epigenetics how genetics can be combined with epigenetics to investigate how environmental factors increase disease risk by altering gene expression patterns. This comprehensive analysis not only helps to reveal the pathogenesis of genetic diseases and complex phenotypes, but also helps to discover new treatment strategies and personalized medical plans. Although cardiovascular disease is often regarded as a polygenic inherited disease, there are also some monogenic inherited diseases closely related to cardiovascular disease (Table 1). Studying these single gene inherited diseases can help better understand the genetic basis of cardiovascular disease. For example, Defescher et al. (2017) found that familial hypercholesterolemia is caused by mutations in the LDLR gene, which impair LDL receptor function, leading to elevated cholesterol levels and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Gene expression analysis can study the expression levels of specific genes in different tissues and physiological states. By comparing the gene expression profiles between normal and diseased states, changes in gene expression related to cardiovascular disease can be discovered, thereby revealing the genetic mechanisms of the disease. For example, certain genes may have abnormal expression in the myocardium or vascular tissue of patients with cardiovascular disease, which may be related to the occurrence and development of the disease. In addition to studying the variation and expression of genes themselves, genomics can also study the interaction between genes and environmental factors (such as lifestyle, dietary habits, environmental factors, etc.). This interaction may have a significant impact on the occurrence and development of cardiovascular diseases. For example, Jeong et al. (2020) found that certain genetic variations may make individuals more sensitive to certain environmental factors, such as smoking and a high salt diet, thereby increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease.
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