International Journal of Molecular Medical Science, 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 29-41 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmms 36 Figure 2 Tumor-stroma metabolic communications in the TME As mentioned in the study of Yuan Shiyang et al. (2017), single-cell sequencing technology can also reveal the complexity of immune cell expression programs in the tumor microenvironment. Each immune cell subpopulation has its own unique gene expression profile, which reflects not only the identity and function of the cell, but also the microenvironment in which the cell resides and the signaling stimuli it experiences. Therefore, single-cell sequencing technology allows for a deeper understanding of the behavior and function of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment and how they interact with tumor cells to influence tumor growth and invasion. Wimmers et al. (2021) mentioned that single-cell omics technology brings new opportunities and challenges for tumor immunology research. This technique enables a deeper understanding of immune cell composition and function in the tumor microenvironment, leading to the discovery of new immunotherapeutic targets and approaches. For example, single-cell sequencing was used to analyze peripheral blood mononuclear cells from glioblastoma patients treated with CMV pp65-LAMP RNA pulsed dendritic cell vaccine. They found that vaccine treatment elicits dynamic changes in immune cell subpopulations and functional states, which provides important clues for developing more effective immunotherapy strategies. The composition and function of immune cells in tumor microenvironment is an important field in tumor immunology. With the continuous development of single-cell omics technology, it is possible to better understand this complex ecosystem, which will bring new breakthroughs in tumor immunotherapy. 3.4 Individual differences in vaccine reactivity Chen et al. (2015) believe that vaccines, as a key means to prevent infectious diseases, are widely used and important. However, there are significant differences in the reactivity of different individuals to vaccines, which not only affects the effectiveness of vaccination, but also may lead to adverse reactions. In order to gain a deeper understanding of this reactivity difference, the researchers began to use single-cell omics techniques to explore the mechanisms behind it. Single-cell omics techniques, in particular single-cell RNA sequencing, provide a powerful tool to precisely reveal how immune cells react after vaccination. By collecting blood samples at different time points after vaccination, researchers can analyze these samples for single-cell RNA sequencing to see which cells are activated and how their gene expression changes. Peng Yiman et al. (2023) believe that single-cell RNA sequencing analysis can help to understand why some people have a stronger response to vaccines while others have a weaker response, and provide an important basis for designing more effective vaccines and personalized immunization strategies. By comparing the immune responses of different individuals, a number of key genes or pathways can be identified that may be important factors affecting vaccine reactivity. In addition to revealing differences in immune reactivity, monocytomic techniques provide insight into the heterogeneity of immune cells. Immune cells play a vital role in the human body, they are not only involved in immune defense, but also closely related to the occurrence and development of
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