International Journal of Molecular Medical Science, 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 29-41 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmms 34 This diversity and functionality allows Treg cells to flexibly adjust their immune regulatory strategies according to different inflammatory environments and tissue needs. Duhen et al. (2012) mentioned that monocytomics technology provides a new perspective, allowing researchers to better understand how the immune system maintains a balance between inflammatory response and immune tolerance. This not only contributes to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of immune-related diseases, but also provides an important theoretical basis for the development of new immunotherapies. With the continuous progress of technology and in-depth research, future immunological research will be more accurate and efficient, and bring greater benefits to human health and well-being. 2.4 Relationship between immune escape mechanism and disease progression The progression of disease, especially cancer, is often accompanied by a phenomenon known as immune escape. Immune escape, in short, means that diseased cells evade the surveillance and attack of the immune system through a series of strategies. The presence of this mechanism allows tumor cells to continue to grow and spread in the body, thus exacerbating the disease process. Duhen et al. (2012) explored in detail the state of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment, providing valuable data for understanding how tumors evade immune responses. By using single-cell omics techniques to precisely analyze the phenotype and function of various immune cells in the tumor microenvironment, it has revealed how tumors evade immune system attack by changing the characteristics of immune cells. Tumor cells inhibit T cell activity by expressing a series of immune checkpoint proteins, such as PD-L1. These immune checkpoint proteins act as barriers that prevent T cells from effectively recognizing and attacking tumor cells. The existence of this mechanism makes tumor cells "invisible" under the eyelids of the immune system, so as to escape the immune response. Wimmers et al. (2021) mentioned that in addition to immune checkpoint proteins such as PD-L1, tumor cells may also evade immune system attack in other ways. For example, tumor cells can suppress immune cell activity by secreting a range of immunosuppressive factors, such as transforming growth factor β(TGF- β) and interleukin-10 (IL-10). These immunosuppressive factors can interfere with immune cell signaling and function execution, making the immune system unable to effectively recognize and attack tumor cells. It is worth mentioning that the application of single-cell sequencing technology provides strong support for in-depth understanding of immune escape mechanism. Through single-cell sequencing technology, researchers can analyze the genome, transcriptome and epigenome of individual immune cells at multiple levels, thereby revealing the complex changes of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. This technique can more accurately identify the immune escape strategy of tumor cells, and also provide important basis for the development of new immunotherapy strategies. 3 Application Cases of Monocytomics in Immune System Research 3.1 Immune cell response in infectious diseases As an important defense line in the human body, the immune system plays a vital role in resisting the invasion of various pathogens. In recent years, with the continuous development of monocytomics technology, its application in immune system research is becoming more and more extensive. This paper will discuss the application of monocytomics in the study of immune system by taking the immune cell response in infectious diseases as an example. Kazer et al. (2020) mentioned in their study that single-cell omics technology provides a powerful tool for revealing immune cell response mechanisms to various pathogens. Taking HIV and influenza virus infections as examples, researchers have been able to deeply analyze the dynamic changes of immune cells during infection through single-cell RNA sequencing technology. These changes involve not only the switching of cell activation states, but also the interactions between immune cells and other cell types. Through single-cell sequencing analysis, the researchers were able to paint a fine picture of how pathogens affect the functional state of immune cells and how the immune system fights infection by adjusting its response strategy.
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