International Journal of Molecular Medical Science, 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 29-41 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmms 32 researchers with a visual picture of the dynamic processes inside cells, helping to understand key biological processes such as cell signal transduction, gene expression and protein interactions. Gomes et al. (2019) suggest that by replacing light with electron beams, electron microscopes are able to penetrate the fine structures inside cells, revealing more details about cell structure and function. This allowed the researchers to observe information such as the ultrastructure of organelles, the arrangement of the cytoskeleton, and the distribution of molecules on the cell membrane. Single cell imaging technology plays an irreplaceable role in biomedical research with its unique advantages. By visually demonstrating cell morphology, location, and interactions, these technologies not only provide insight into the complex mechanisms inside cells, but also provide new ideas and methods for disease diagnosis and treatment. With the continuous advancement of technology, single-cell imaging technology is expected to reveal more microscopic mysteries about the cellular world in the future. 1.5 Advantages and limitations of technology Single-cell omics technology provides a direction for in-depth insight into the microscopic world of biological systems. In the past, technical limitations have made it difficult for scientists to conduct detailed analyses of individual cells. However, with monocytomics, a comprehensive genome, transcriptome, and proteome level study of individual cells can be performed to gain a more accurate understanding of cell properties and functions. Kolodziejczyk et al. (2015) believe that in the field of immunology research, monocytomics technology has shown great potential. It helps reveal the complexity of immune responses, including identifying new immune cell subtypes, understanding the dynamics of immune cells in healthy and disease states, and how immune cells interact in different tissue microenvironments. These studies not only contribute to a deeper understanding of how the immune system works, but also provide new ideas and methods for disease prevention and treatment. However, as with any technology, there are certain limitations to single-cell omics technology. The cost of this technology is relatively high, including inputs such as experimental equipment, reagents and data analysis. In addition, the data processing and analysis process is also very complex and requires specialized computational biology support. This, to some extent, limits the progress in the wide application and popularization of the technology. Butler et al. (2018) proposed that with the continuous advancement of technology and the gradual reduction of cost, single-cell omics technology is expected to play a greater role in the future. For example, by further optimizing experimental methods and data analysis algorithms, the accuracy and efficiency of research can be improved, thus making better use of this technology to explore the mysteries of life sciences. Single-cell omics technology brings new opportunities and challenges to biological research with its unique advantages. Although there are still some limitations, with the continuous improvement and development of the technology, it is believed that this technology will play a more important role in the future and make greater contributions to the progress of human health. 2 Study on Dynamic Changes of Immune System 2.1 Heterogeneity and functional diversity of immune cells Immune cells exhibit a high degree of heterogeneity and functional diversity, which is key to the immune system's ability to respond to a wide variety of threats. Single-cell omics techniques are able to study this heterogeneity at the level of individual cells, revealing subtle differences even in seemingly homogeneous populations of cells. These differences may reflect the characteristics of cells at different stages of development, or different responses to environmental signals. Levine et al. (2017) submitted in their study that multiple T cell subsets, including different types of helper T cells (Th1, Th2, Th17, etc.) and regulatory T cells (TreGs), can be identified through single-cell RNA sequencing technology. These cells play different roles in the immune response, from promoting inflammatory responses to maintaining immune tolerance, and the diversity of their functions is achieved through different gene expression programs. This diversity of cell types and functional flexibility allows the immune system to respond to a wide variety of threats. These techniques study gene expression, protein interactions and metabolic pathways at the
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