International Journal of Molecular Medical Science, 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 29-41 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmms 29 Research Report Open Access Studying the Dynamic Changes of the Immune System Through Single-cell Omics WeiWang Institute of Life Science, Jiyang College of Zhejiang A&F University, Zhuji, 311800, China Corresponding author email: 874202228@qq.com International Journal of Molecular Medical Science, 2024, Vol.14, No.1 doi: 10.5376/ijmms.2024.14.0005 Received: 02 Feb., 2024 Accepted: 05 Mar., 2024 Published: 19 Mar., 2024 Copyright © 2024 Wang, This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Preferred citation for this article: Wang W., 2024, Studying the dynamic changes of the immune system through single-cell omics, International Journal of Molecular Medical Science, 14(1): 29-41 (doi: 10.5376/ijmms.2024.14.0005) Abstract The rapid development of single-cell omics technologies has provided a new perspective for immunology research, enabling scientists to explore the dynamic changes of the immune system at unprecedented resolution. This study reviews the application cases, challenges, and future development directions of single-cell omics in immune system research. This study introduces how single-cell omics technologies reveal the heterogeneity and functional diversity of immune cells in infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases, and tumor microenvironments. Single-cell RNA sequencing technology and single-cell ATAC sequencing technology enable scientists to identify immune cell subsets and their gene expression patterns under specific disease conditions, thereby deeply understanding how pathogens affect the functional state of immune cells and how the immune system adjusts its response strategy to fight against diseases. These advancements will help comprehensively understand the state and function of cells, as well as their dynamic changes in health and disease states. At the same time, it emphasizes the important impact of single-cell omics technology on disease treatment, especially personalized medicine and precision immunotherapy. By analyzing the immune cell status of specific patients, personalized treatment plans can be customized to improve the effectiveness and safety of treatment. Single-cell omics technology provides powerful new tools for the study of the immune system, but it also brings new challenges. With the continuous advancement of technology and the development of new methods, it is expected to overcome these challenges, deeply explore the mysteries of the immune system, and provide deeper insights and more effective solutions for immunology research and clinical treatment. In the future, single-cell omics will continue to play a key role in revealing the internal complex mechanisms of the immune system and promoting personalized medicine, providing more precise treatment targets and methods, thereby greatly improving treatment effects and patient quality of life. Keywords Single-cell omics; Immune system dynamics; Heterogeneity analysis; Precision immunotherapy The complexity and dynamics of the immune system have long been central topics in biomedical research. While traditional population-level approaches have made progress in revealing overall trends in immune response, they have not been able to resolve the subtle differences between cells and the unique behavior of individual cells. With the rapid development of single-cell omics technology, especially single-cell transcriptome sequencing technology, it is possible to study the dynamic changes of the immune system with unprecedented resolution, thereby revealing the heterogeneity of immune cells, the transformation of cell states, and their specific functions in health and disease (Stubbington et al., 2017). Single-cell techniques not only provide the possibility to identify and classify new immune cell subtypes, but also reveal the complex regulatory networks and signaling pathways inside cells. These cell-level insights are critical to understanding how the immune system responds to various external stimuli, both in immune regulation and during immune-mediated disease development (Vegh and Haniffa, 2018). In addition, single-cell technology has shown great potential in revealing the clonality and diversity of immune cells such as T cells and B cells, providing a new perspective for vaccine development and immunotherapy. Although single-cell omics technology has brought breakthroughs in immunology research, the analysis and interpretation of data still face challenges. The processing of high-dimensional data, precise identification of cell states, and dynamic modeling of complex biological processes require researchers to develop new computational methods and analytical tools (Tanay and Regev, 2017). This study reviews the use of single-cell omics techniques
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