International Journal of Clinical Case Reports, 2025, Vol.15, No.6, 271-282 http://medscipublisher.com/index.php/ijccr 278 7 Preparation and Acute Management of Vaccination Sites 7.1 Ensure that vaccination sites are equipped with emergency facilities To properly handle anaphylactic shock after vaccination, the vaccination site must make adequate preparations in advance. All vaccination sites must be equipped with adrenaline for intramuscular injection, oxygen supply equipment, infusion tools and other first aid supplies (Orchard et al., 2022; David and Buhlmann, 2025). First aid kits should be inspected regularly to ensure that the medications inside have not expired, all necessary equipment is in good working condition, and they are readily accessible (Muraro et al., 2021). In addition to adrenaline and oxygen, each vaccination site also needs to be equipped with airway management tools, blood pressure monitors, infusion supplies, as well as antihistamines and corticosteroids for adjuvant treatment. The overall ability to handle allergic incidents should be enhanced through regular drills and clear emergency plans (David and Buhlmann, 2025). 7.2 Train medical staff to understand anaphylactic shock and follow the standard management plan The success of acute allergic reaction management depends not only on equipment but also on the capabilities of medical staff. Therefore, all staff involved in vaccination should receive organized training to identify the early signs and symptoms of anaphylactic shock and enhance their ability to recognize and respond to emergencies through simulation and scenario-based courses. Standardized management programs proposed by institutions such as the European Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology and the World Allergy Organization should be implemented and reviewed regularly. It is also necessary to ensure that healthcare workers maintain a high level of practice in rapid assessment, correct position placement and first-line treatment through continuous education and regular training courses (Muraro et al., 2021). 7.3 Rapid intramuscular injection of epinephrine and adjuvant therapy after the onset of the disease Once anaphylactic shock is suspected, it is usually recommended to immediately inject epinephrine into the lateral muscle of the middle thigh. This is the preferred treatment method. Early administration of medication can improve recovery and reduce the risk of death. If the administration is delayed, the condition may deteriorate rapidly (Muraro et al., 2021; Whyte et al., 2022; Ebisawa et al., 2025). If the symptoms do not improve, the second injection can be given 5 minutes later. At the same time, high-flow oxygen and intravenous infusion should be provided to maintain circulation, especially when hypotension or shock occurs (David and Buhlmann, 2025). Antihistamines, corticosteroids and other adjunctive drugs can be used to treat skin symptoms and prevent recurrence of the disease, but this must not delay the use of epinephrine or other important treatment methods. At the same time, vital signs should be constantly monitored, airway care should be well done, and the intensity of care should be increased when necessary. In addition, even if the condition is stable, it is necessary to pay attention to whether there will be secondary reactions. Specialist doctors should be arranged for follow-up to identify the cause of the allergy and formulate individualized preventive measures (Orchard et al., 2022; Whyte et al., 2022; David and Buhlmann, 2025). 8 Concluding Remarks The development and promotion of new vaccine technologies based on mRNA and DNA have been rapid, which has completely changed the way of thinking about epidemic prevention and vaccination, but it has also brought new problems-such as the sensitivity of people to vaccine allergies (including anaphylactic shock). Current evidence suggests that this may be related to a genetically sensitive constitution, pre-existing vaccine excipient antibodies (such as polyethylene glycol antibodies) in the body, and a special mode of immune action. Therefore, in future research, it is necessary to further clarify the relevant genetic traits and immune characteristics, and understand the molecular-level reasons for allergies to new vaccine components. Only in this way can risks be more accurately judged and the next generation of vaccines be made safer.
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